1 ARTIFICIAL COMPANIONS Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality. The earliest use of the term ‘ontology’ (or ‘ontologia’) seems to have been in 1606 in the book Ogdoas Scholastica by the German Protestant scholastic Jacob Lorhard. For Lorhard, as for many subsequent...

The present crisis of the Muslim world is not entirely due to external forces but also what is internal within the common understanding of Islam. Internally, it is not only theological or religious but essentially philosophical. While the West denies Islam its place within mainstream philosophical system, there has not been adequate attention paid to this by the Islamic scho...

The object of this research is the heritage leading representatives Medieval philosophy, while subject philosophical ideas prominent Patristic and Scholastic philosophy upon nature evil. goal work lies in giving holistic assessment to on phenomenon evil Middle Ages, achieved by solving following tasks: 1) concept “the first sin” as foundation for understanding philosophy; 2)...

The doctrine that Christ is really present in the Eucharist appears to entail that Christ’s body is not only multiply located but present in different ways at different locations. Moreover, the doctrine poses an even more difficult metaquestion: what makes a theological explanation of the Eucharist a ‘real presence’ account? Aquinas’s defence of transubstantiation, perhaps the paradigmatic acco...

Sufism greatly influenced the ethical beliefs and values of al-Ghazali. Had it not been for that influence, his works would have lacked their special spiritual value. In this paper, I will examine the role that Sufi philosophy played in giving spiritual depth to the ethics of al-Ghazali and how he was ultimately drawn to Sufism. Al-Ghazali moved away from his focus on the law and realized the v...

There are two dominant approaches towards understanding medieval Muslim philosophy: (1) Greek ancestry approach and (2) religiopolitical context approach. In the approach, philosophy is interpreted in terms of its relation to classical philosophy, particularly Plato Aristotle. The however, views a thorough religious political situation that time as key proper philosophy. Notwithstanding immense...

Each economy functions within a particular social framework, defined by its moral philosophy and legal system. What makes an economy Islamic is Sharīah, the moral/legal discourses of the classical fuqahā’, which defined the economy of classical Islam, shaped its micro and macro institutions, and modulated its actual performance. This economy, which was virtually effaced during the age of Europe...

the present crisis of the muslim world is not entirely due to external forces but also what is internal within the common understanding of islam. internally, it is not only theological or religious but essentially philosophical. while the west denies islam its place within mainstream philosophical system, there has not been adequate attention paid to this by the islamic scholarship itself and t...