Through the history and since 1933, the Iranian rial has declined from 11.2 rials per dollar to almost 8600 rials per dollar today in the parallel or black market. At the same time the official rate has been kept at artificial level most of the time, not consistent with other macro conditions of the country. Historically, however, the Central bank has adjusted the official rate and brought it i...

Foreign exchange risk is one of the most important components financial market. Like any other risk, it can be managed or avoided. Financial management requires relevant knowledge and resources only specialized institutions are engaged in doing so. Thee commercial banks do not accept foreign risks, their assets liabilities denominated same currency. Therefore, recommended for households busines...

This paper endeavored to categorise and evaluate exchange rate theories. These theories included the International Fischer's Effect Theory, Purchasing Power Parity Interest Rate Balance of Payments Monetary Approach Foreign Exchange, Portfolio Approach. The analyses these theories' advantages disadvantages. Keywords: Exchange Rate; Theory; Approach; DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-20-08 Publication date: ...

abstract according to the importance of date export in iran, this study investigates short run and long run relationship between date export and important economical variable, specifically exchange rate. for this purpose, an autoregressive distributed lag approach (ardl) to cointegration is applied to annually time-series data from 1981 to 2007. results showed that the exchange rate, export pri...

: 1h nmr spectra of a series of enaminones r-co-ch=c(nhch2ph)-r  [1, r=ch3; 2, r=c6h5; 3, r=cf3; 4, r=ch2ch2ch2; 5, r=ch2c(ch3)2ch2], were obtained in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid in cdcl3 or dmso-d6 at 28 °c. steric, solvent, electronic and hydrogen bonding effects on the rates of acid-catalyzed nh proton exchanges were investigated. rate constants were calculated by 1h nmr line shape ...