There has been serious suspicion of a spurious rejection of the unit roots in panel studies of PPP due to the failure to control for cross-sectional dependence. This article presents evidence of mean-reversion in industrial country real exchange rates in a set up that accounts naturally for cross-sectional dependence, is invariant to the benchmark currency and capable of detecting against regim...

We show how temporal aggregation affects the size and power of the DOLS residualbased KPSS test of the null of cointegration. Size is effectively controlled by setting the minimum number of leads equal to one – as opposed to zero – when selecting the lag/lead order of the DOLS regression, but at a cost to power in finite samples. If highfrequency data for one or more series are available, we sh...

Probabilistic Key pre-distribution schemes (P-KPSs) are candidates for securing interactions between resource limited computer networks. Collusion susceptible P-KPSs are trade-offs between security and complexity and security include resistance to passive eavesdropping attacks, and active message injection attacks. The existing work presented the P-KPS, the subset keys and identity tickets (SKI...

Efficient ID-based key sharing schemes are desired worldwide for secure communications on Internet and other networks. The Key Predistribution Systems (KPSs) are a large class of such key sharing schemes. The remarkable property of KPSs is that in order to share the key, a participant should only input its partner’s identifier to its secret KPS algorithm. Although it has many advantages in term...

The role of SMA and SMB smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in tonic and phasic contractions was studied in phasic (longitudinal ileum and stomach circular antrum) and tonic (stomach circular fundus) smooth muscle tissues of SMB knockout mice. Knocking out the SMB MHC gene eliminated SMB MHC protein expression and resulted in upregulation of the SMA MHC protein without altering the ...

The problem of unemployment is a global issue and it vital to carry out detailed examination this issue. We need identify analyze several factors affecting in country. aim research determine how various macroeconomic interact with each other. This includes trade, oil consumption, domestic credit private sector, gross capital formation inflation context Norway UK. basic purpose study whether the...

We consider symmetric key predistribution in grid-based wireless sensor networks. Networks consisting of wireless sensor nodes arranged in a grid pattern have many useful applications, including environmental monitoring and agribusiness. The structured physical distribution of nodes in such networks facilitates efficient distribution of keys to the nodes prior to deployment. It has been shown t...