Variations in susceptibility, grain size or accumulation rates of eolian sequences the Sanmen Gorge entry and exit points on Loess Plateau were compared at different time scales. Synchronous changes multiple proxies occurred during formation S14/L14 locality. However, magnetic properties between sections S2 above, implying that there was significant difference proximate source for gorge points....

o ne of the effective strategies for economic development of clusters is the conduct of networking activities by cluster members. indeed, the majority of cluster members are micro and small enterprises, so, should attempt to overcome their inherent constraints and influence the market through networking activities. in addition, these enterprises lack an intra-firm research and development unit ...

Economic growth in pre-industrial Europe was driven by the expansion of the market. The ‘market’ was a complex commercial structure made up of merchant firms, merchant associations, and organized markets. This paper provides an overview of the pre-industrial commercial structure, of how it functioned, and of how it evolved. JEL Categories: N13, D23, L14, L81, O12 *This paper is a draft chapter ...

We present a new approach for the empirical investigation of agglomeration patterns. We examine the clustering of manufacturing firms by identifying patterns of spatial network formation that deviate from randomly generated networks. Using firm-level panel data from Vietnam we calculate transitivity, a measure to determine the strength of clustering of manufacturing firms. We then test whether ...

A string of theoretical papers shows that the non-exclusivity of credit contracts generates important negative contractual externalities. Employing a unique dataset, we identify how these externalities affect the supply of credit. Using internal information on a creditor’s willingness to lend, we find that a creditor reduces its credit supply when a borrower obtains a loan at another creditor (...

This paper incorporates morale into a standard principal-agent model. When morale is observable, the agent’s effort level, the optimal piece rate, and the firm’s expected profits are all increasing in the worker’s level of morale. However, when morale is unobservable, workers shirk relative to the full information solution. The paper also considers a model of morale interdependence. The results...

In this article it is demonstrated that voluntary bargaining over a collective decision under asymmetric information may well lead to ex post e$ciency if the default decision is non-trivial. It is argued that the default decision may be interpreted as a &simple' contract that the parties have written ex ante. This result is used in order to show that simple unconditional contracts which are ren...

This paper examines the determinants of intra-firm trade in US imports using detailed country-product data. We create a new measure of product contractibility based on the degree of intermediation in international trade for the product. We find important roles for the interaction of country and product characteristics in determining intra-firm trade shares. Intra-firm trade is high for products...