Methods which provide good conditioning of model identification task in immune inspired, steady-state controller SILO (Stochastic Immune Layer Optimizer) are presented in this paper. These methods are implemented in a model based optimization algorithm. The first method uses a safe model to assure that gains of the process’s model can be estimated. The second method is responsible for eliminati...

Methods which provide good conditioning of model identification task in immune inspired, steady-state controller SILO (Stochastic Immune Layer Optimizer) are presented in this paper. These methods are implemented in a model based optimization algorithm. The first method uses a safe model to assure that gains of the process’s model can be estimated. The second method is responsible for eliminati...

Earlier studies of silo pressures generally suggested that wall pressures would be symmetrical if the filling and discharging were both symmetrical. However more careful measurements showed that wall pressures can vary significantly around the circumference and can be unsymmetrical even in symmetrical silos which appear to be symmetrically filled and discharged. The loss of symmetry may be trac...

Experiments and computational simulations are carried out to study the behavior of a granular column in a silo whose walls are able to vibrate horizontally. The column is brought to a steady fluidized state and it behaves similar to a hydrostatic system. We study the dynamics of the granular discharge through openings at the bottom of the silo in order to search for a Torricelli-like behavior. ...

Three workers died from carbon dioxide poisoning in a partly underground silo which had been almost completely emptied of green forage. Two died at once, the third after five days without regaining consciousness. Several similar cases are reported in the literature. Wrede (1936) described a case of carbon dioxide poisoning which occurred in a cellar through the escape of gas from a beer barrel....

The dusty challenge Obtaining reliable level measurement has traditionally been a severe challenge because cement production is such a dusty process. During homogenization, for example, silos are continuously filled and emptied, and the component materials are constantly aerated to ensure good mixing. This creates a tremendous amount of dust that makes it difficult to obtain reliable readings w...