Nodular gray cast iron having properties superior to conventional can be produced by treating the molten so that, when cast, graphite will compacted rather than in flake form. One such treatment involves introduction of magnesium (Mg) into a bath composition. It is principal object present industrial experiments provide an improved process for ductile production. Another which permits efficient...

Fluid mixing assumes an important role in various processing industries, in which the chemical efficiencies of typical processing operations carried out are intrinsically related to their hydrodynamic performance. In order to achieve high product qualities in steelmaking, submerged gas injection in ladles has now become a widely accepted industrial practice in almost every steelmaking shop. The...

It is well known that inclusions and clusters, which are formed in liquid steel during ladle treatment, have harmful effects on the casting process (clogging problems) as well as on the final mechanical properties of a steel product. Especially, steels deoxidized or alloyed with rare earth metals (REM) are difficult to produce due to the high tendency of REM-oxides to form cluster and clog the ...

The Ladle Shroud has become an important part of secondary steelmaking, with its role in reducing liquid steel contamination and process improvements. Due to the inherent negative pressure at lower nozzle–Ladle joint, it is well known that Shrouds, protecting flows between a tundish below, can suffer from inadvertent ingress air. Therefore, there need apply inert gas injection joint. In present...