The effects of bilingual education on reading and math achievement were examined by comparing test scores across different elementary-school programs. Results revealed that bilingual Two-Way Immersion programs benefited both minority-language and majority-language students. Minority-language students in Two-Way Immersion outperformed their peers in Transitional Programs of Instruction, while ma...

Logic programming is extended with expressions of the form A in Pexp both in top-level goals and in clause bodies. A in Pexp is a meta-level feature that denotes the truth of a formula A with respect to a \virtual" set of clauses denoted by the program expression Pexp. Pexp involves named collections of clauses and composition operations over them. Both the operational and xpoint semantics of t...

The consequences of a logic program depend in general upon both the rules of the program and its language. However the consequences of some programs are independent of the choice of language, while others depend on the language of the program in only a restricted way. In this paper, we deene notions of language independence and language tolerance corresponding to these two cases. Furthermore, w...