Selective laryngeal adductor denervation-reinnervation surgery (SLAD-R) offers a viable surgical alternative for patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia refractory to botulinum toxin injections. SLAD-R selectively denervates the symptomatic thyroarytenoid muscle by dividing the distal adductor branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and preventing reinnervation, by the proximal RLN an...

Numerous brain imaging studies have demonstrated structural changes in the basal ganglia, thalamus, sensorimotor cortex, and cerebellum across different forms of primary dystonia. However, our understanding of brain abnormalities contributing to the clinically well-described phenomenon of task specificity in dystonia remained limited. We used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) wit...

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can be injected to achieve therapeutic benefit across a large range of clinical conditions. To assess the efficacy and safety of BoNT injections for the treatment of certain movement disorders, including blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, oromandibular dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal limb dystonias, laryngeal dystonia, tics, and essential tremor, an expert panel rev...

Idiopathic spasmodic torticollis is a form of focal dystonia aVecting the neck. It is characterised by involuntary repetitive or sustained neck muscle contractions leading to abnormal head postures and impaired control of head movement. With an estimated prevalence of 9/100 000 spasmodic torticollis is the most common focal dystonia. Onset peaks around the age of 40 and there is a female prepon...

Idiopathic spasmodic torticollis is a form of focal dystonia aVecting the neck. It is characterised by involuntary repetitive or sustained neck muscle contractions leading to abnormal head postures and impaired control of head movement. With an estimated prevalence of 9/100 000 spasmodic torticollis is the most common focal dystonia. Onset peaks around the age of 40 and there is a female prepon...