Background and objectives: Malaria is a remarkable cause of death in the world. Several ways are used by researchers to control or to decrease the detrimental effects of the disease, in which natural insecticides with less malaria vectors resistance and lower environmental damages are considered in last decades.The objective of this study was to assess the larvicidal activity of the whole flowe...

Pesticides have been implicated in widespread amphibian declines. We assessed acute and chronic toxicity of two widely used herbicides to larval New Mexico (Spea multiplicata) and Plains (S. bombifrons) spadefoots from cropland and native grassland playas. Roundup WeatherMAX (WM) toxicity estimates (48- and 216-h LC(50); 48-h LC(1)) for both species were similar to environmental concentrations ...

The present study indicates the efficacy of extracts and fractions of Quercus lusitania var. infectoria galls (Oliv.) as larvicidal agents and their possible use in biological control of Culex pipiens, the urban nuisance mosquito. Extracts and fractions were tested against second and fourth instar larvae. The LC(50) values of gallotannins were 335 and 373 ppm, respectively for the 2nd and 4th i...

CONTEXT The fruit pulp of Luffa cylindrica Roemer (Cucurbitaceae) (LC) has been used to induce hemostasis, resolve phlegm and clear fever in traditional Korean medicine. However, the efficacy of LC has not been examined in atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE A 70% ethanol extract of LC was evaluated to determine anti-inflammation and anti-AD effects in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS...

Langerhans cell (LC) migration from epidermis to draining lymph node is a critical first step in cutaneous immune responses. Both TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are important signals governing this process, but the potential regulatory role of IL-1 alpha processing by caspase-1 is unknown. In wild-type (WT) mice, application of the contact allergens 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzine and oxazolone lead to a mar...

The molluscicidal activity of Punica granatum Linn. (Punicaceae) and Canna indica Linn. (Cannaceae) against the snail Lymnaea acuminata was studied. The molluscicidal activity of P. granatum bark and C. indica root was found to be both time and dose dependent. The toxicity of P. granatum bark was more pronounced than that of C. indica. The 24 h LC(50) of the column-purified root of C. indica wa...

Ethylene oxide was tested on groups of rats for either 4-hour or 1-hour inhalation exposure, followed by 14 days of observation. Groups of five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex were exposed, and clinical signs and mortality were recorded. Clinical signs noted included irregular breathing, absence of certain reflexes, and tremors. Rats that died had moderate to severe pulmonary congestion. The calculated...

A 96-h LC(50) values of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], a common contaminating agricultural herbicide, were determined on the adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758; Pisces, Cyprinidae). The study was conducted in two stages using 130 carp. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by the use of the EPA computer program based on Finney's Probit Analysis Method and a 96-h LC(...

Acute toxicity of 4-nonylphenol (NP) was examined in six freshwater species from three phyla - platyhelminthes, arthropoda and mollusca. Values of the 48-hour LC(50) of NP for six species ranged from 20 to 508 ug/L and values of the 96-hour LC(50) for four species ranged from 120 to 457 ug/L. The most sensitive species tested was a water flea, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, with a 48-hour LC(50) of 20 m...

Large scale extraction and assay of the lymphocyte chalone (LC), the natural lymphocyte proliferation inhibitor, require optimized, reproducible and standardizable methods. To this end we compared the effects on LC yield of storing thymus at different temperatures after collection from calves: Both quick freezing on solid CO2 and slow freezing at -50 degrees C led to a 30% loss of LC yield rela...