A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a form of complex system in which various structures interact via sufficiently complicated operators and rules that it is difficult to characterize the behavior of the system exactly. However, competition at this level is in the control of upper-level structure(such as genetic operators and corresponding parameter setting, etc.). Thus, how to optimize this structure ...

Reasoning about permissions and obligations sometimes requires to distinguish more than one level of permission: certain actions are preferable to others, or one has more confidence in one type of action achieving the same goal than in other. We give a logic handling this type of ramification, and present a complete axiomatization. The recent work offers an extension of the Dynamic Logic of Per...

Since the early 1990s, Optimality Theory (OT) has quickly gained ground in phonology. Its main appeal lies in two characteristics: the focus on wellformedness of the output and the softness of constraints, where a constraint can be violated in order to satisfy more important requirements. A conspicuous characteristic of classic OT is that all constraints on the output should compete with each o...