Attempts to understand how information content can be included in an accounting of the energy flux of the biosphere have led to the conclusion that, in information transmission, one component, the semantic content, or “the meaning of the message,” adds no thermodynamic burden over and above costs arising from coding, transmission and translation. In biology, semantic content has two major roles...

Editor's Note: The circadian rhythm—the 24-hour cycle of the physiological processes of living beings—is instrumental in determining the sleeping and feeding patterns of all animals, including humans. Clear patterns of brainwave activity, hormone production, cell regeneration, and other biological activities are linked to this daily cycle. Our author focuses on two relatively new areas of resea...

CONTEXT While recent studies suggest that exogenous estrogen treatment could help reduce age-related cognitive decline and delay the onset of dementia, this has not been found consistently. Few studies have considered the influence of life-time estrogen exposure which may have an independent effect on cognition and/or modulate treatment response. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine...

The development of life time analysis started back in the $20^{textit{th}}$ century and since then comprehensive developments have been made to model life time data efficiently. Recent development in measurements shows that all continuous measurements can not be measured as precise numbers but they are more or less fuzzy. Life time is also a continuous phenomenon, and has already been shown tha...

Recommender systems are embedded in almost every commercial site, proposing users items which are likely to draw their interest. While most systems maximize the immediate gain, a better notion of success would be the lifetime value (LTV) of the user-system interaction. The LTV approach instead considers the future implications of the item recommendations, and seeks to maximize over the cumulati...