Virus H9N2 has become the most common subtype of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in poultry and shows ability to infect humans. One important factors triggering virus ​​pandemic is live bird market (LBM). The acts as an internal gene donor other subtypes, such H5N1, H5N2, H7N9, H10N8, This study was conducted detect presence molecular characteristics hemagglutinin fragment at cleavage sit...

Fruit loss to birds is a long-standing and costly problem for many producers. We conducted a survey of Honeycrisp apple, blueberry, cherry, and wine grape growers in California, Michigan, New York, Oregon, and Washington to estimate costs of bird damage and benefits of bird damage management. We also assessed grower perceptions of impacts on profits and effectiveness of bird management techniqu...

To trace the source of the avian H7N9 viruses, we collected 99 samples from 4 live poultry markets and the family farms of 3 patients in Hangzhou city of Zhejiang province, China. We found that almost all positive samples came from chickens and ducks in live poultry markets. These results strongly suggest that the live poultry markets are the major source of recent human infections with H7N9 in...

This paper presents the illumination design of a real-time live-bird imaging system for determining the size and initial presentation of a bird on a moving conveyor. A real-time livebird imaging system presents a challenging design problem, for it must minimize the variability of the birds' visual reflexes to mechanical processes, it must account for variations in bird size/shape/color, it must...

There is growing evidence that exposure to nature increases human well-being, including in urban areas. However, relatively few studies have linked subjective satisfaction objective features of the environment. In this study we explore links among environmental (tree cover, water, and bird diversity) judgements satisfaction. We surveyed residents Ottawa, Canada (n = 1035) about their with local...

Oak-dependent birds are expected to suffer severe population declines as a result of sudden oak death (SOD). We investigated how the disappearance of two highly SOD-sensitive tree species, tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), may in turn affect levels of bird species richness, diversity, and equitability in coastal oak habitats of California. Combining avian ...

Estimation of the surface area of the avian body is valuable for thermoregulation and metabolism studies as well as for assessing exposure to oil and other surface-active organic pollutants from a spill. The use of frozen carcasses for surface area estimations prevents the ability to modify the posture of the bird. The surface area of six live homing pigeons in the fully extended flight positio...

BACKGROUND To monitor carrier hosts of avian influenza in Nigeria, we randomly collected cloaca swab specimens from 155 ducks at a live bird market (LBM) in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between July 2011 and July 2012. METHODS The samples were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation was carried out in embryonated chicken eggs. Partial s...