2 Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne viral pathogen that causes significant 3 morbidity and mortality among ruminants throughout Africa and the Middle East. Vaccination 4 is an important means to reduce the risk of RVFV infection in the ruminant population but has 5 proved to be challenging due to the sporadic and explosive nature of RVF outbreaks; currently, 6 two types of va...

Numerous vaccine and control tools have been introduced to the marketplace including licensed modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV), licensed inactivated PRRS vaccines (KV), autogenous KV vaccines, and use of virulent live virus exposure (LVI). Based on published data and controlled experimental studies, the licensed MLV clearly provide the current gold standard of protection in respiratory and rep...

The experiments aimed to develop the inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine in the form of water in oil (WO) and water in oil in water (WOW) using palm oil, which is easily found in tropical countries, and to study the effect of vitamin E in the form of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate for improving the efficacy of inactivated ND vaccine prepared from palm oil. Two hundred and twenty, thirty five da...

BACKGROUND Live attenuated SIV vaccines are highly efficacious, but how they mediate protection is poorly understood. A feature of the effectiveness of live attenuated vaccines is their ability to control high dose challenge viruses early, without a large peak of acute viraemia. We hypothesized that long-lived antigen exposure from live attenuated SIV may result in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes ...

AIM To assess the efficacy and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in healthy children up to the age of 18 years. METHODS MedLine, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL, WHOLIS, LILACS, and Global Health were searched for randomized controlled trials and cohort and case-control studies investigating the efficacy or effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children up to the age of 18 years. ...

Although vaccines developed from live organisms have better efficacy than those developed from dead organisms, the mechanisms underlying this differential efficacy remain unexplored. In this study, we combined sub-immunoproteomics with immune challenge to investigate the action of the outer membrane proteome in the immune protection conferred by four Edwardsiella tarda whole-cell vaccines prepa...

Rotavirus (RV) is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Currently available live RV vaccines are efficacious but show lower efficacy in developing countries, as well as a low risk of intussusception. this has led to the development of parenteral non-live candidate vaccines against RV. RV capsid VP6 protein is highly conserved and the most abundant RV protein ...

Two live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccines, H 2 and LA-1 virus strains, were developed through serial passages of the viruses in cell cultures at 32 °C and 35 °C respectively. Both vaccines were safe and immunogenic, providing protection against clinical hepatitis A in 95% of the vaccinees, with a single dose by subcutaneous injection. The vaccine recipients were not protected from asymptomatic,...

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a high priority target for vaccine development. One concern in RSV vaccine development is that a non-live virus vaccine would predispose for enhanced disease similar to that seen with the formalin inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine. Since a mAb specific to RSV G protein can reduce pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia seen after RSV infection of FI-RSV vacci...