the use of low level laser to reduce pain, inflammation and edema, to promote wound, deeper tissues and nerves healing, and to prevent tissue damage has been known for almost forty years since the invention of lasers. this review will cover some of the proposed cellular mechanisms responsible for the effect of visible light on mammalian cells, including cytochrome c oxidase (with absorption pea...

low level laser therapy (lllt) uses a light source that generates extremely pure light, of a single wavelength1. the effect is not thermal, but rather related to photochemical reactions in the cells. lllt was introduced as an alternative non-invasive treatment for oa about 10 years ago, but its effectiveness is still controversial2. a cochrane review of lllt in osteoarthritis included five tria...

The term ‘emergence’ often causes confusion in science and philosophy, as it is used to express at least two quite different concepts. We can label these concepts strong emergence and weak emergence. Both of these concepts are important, but it is vital to keep them separate. We can say that a high-level phenomenon is strongly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phen...

Scripting languages are great for gluing together components, but they suffer as the complexity or size of data scales upward. Data objects solve this problem by marrying both high-level and low-level programming styles. Data objects are self-contained representations of data. They define both the structure of the data and the methods to access it. Data may be accessed through both Tcl and a C ...