All rings are commutative with identity and all modules are unital. Let R be a ring, M an R-module and R (M), the idealization of M . Homogeneous ideals of R (M) have the form I (+)N where I is an ideal of R, N a submodule of M and IM ⊆ N . The purpose of this paper is to investigate how properties of a homogeneous ideal I (+)N of R (M) are related to those of I and N . We show that if M is a m...

let $r$ be a ring and $m$ a right $r$-module with $s=end_r(m)$. a module $m$ is called semi-projective if for any epimorphism $f:mrightarrow n$, where $n$ is a submodule of $m$, and for any homomorphism $g: mrightarrow n$, there exists $h:mrightarrow m$ such that $fh=g$. in this paper, we study sgq-projective and$pi$-semi-projective modules as two generalizations of semi-projective modules. a m...

it is called nontrivial if {0} 6= J 6= X. This notion was introduced by Alfsen and Effros [1] and has proved useful in Banach space geometry, approximation theory and harmonic analysis; see [12] for a detailed account. A number of authors have studied the M -ideal structure in L(X), the space of bounded linear operators on a Banach space X, with special emphasis on the question whether K(X), th...

An integral domain $D$ is called a emph{locally GCD domain} if $D_{M}$ is aGCD domain for every maximal ideal $M$ of $D$. We study somering-theoretic properties of locally GCD domains. E.g., we show that $%D$ is a locally GCD domain if and only if $aDcap bD$ is locally principalfor all $0neq a,bin D$, and flat overrings of a locally GCD domain arelocally GCD. We also show that the t-class group...

Proof: (R ⊂ κ(G, s)). Let I ⊂ M(G, s) be a nonempty ideal. Fix ψ ∈ I. Given σ ∈ R, there exists a sandpile φ such that σ = (φ + ψ)◦ by defintion. Since I is an ideal, this implies that σ ∈ I. Hence R ⊂ I. We conclude that R ⊂ ⋂ I ideal of M(G,s) I = κ(G, s). (κ(G, s) ⊂ R). Recall that R 6= ∅. Since κ(G, s) is the minimal ideal of M(G, s), it is enough to show that R is an ideal. Consider σ ∈ R ...

Suppose M is a maximal ideal of a commutative integral domain R and that some power Mn of M is finitely generated. We show that M is finitely generated in each of the following cases: (i) M is of height one, (ii) R is integrally closed and htM = 2, (iii) R = K[X; S̃] is a monoid domain over a field K, where S̃ = S ∪ {0} is a cancellative torsion-free monoid such that ⋂∞ m=1 mS = ∅, and M is the m...

Gu map-1 is a modified version of GGH map. It uses same ideal lattices for constructing the trapdoors, while the novelty is that no encodings of zero are given. In this short paper we show that Gu map-1 cannot be used for the instance of witness encryption (WE) based on the hardness of 3-exact cover problem. That is, if Gu map-1 is used for such instance, we can break it by soving a combined 3-...

Let S = k[x1, . . . , xn] be a polynomial ring over a field k with n variables x1, . . . , xn, m the irrelevant maximal ideal of S, I a monomial ideal in S and I ′ the polarization of I in the polynomial ring S′ with ρ variables. We show that each graded piece H i m (S/I)a, a ∈ Z , of the local cohomology module H i m (S/I) is isomorphic to a specific graded pieceH i+ρ−n m ′ (S′/I )α, α ∈ Z , o...

In this paper we describe the defining equations of the Rees algebra and the special fiber ring of a truncation I of a complete intersection ideal in a polynomial ring over a field with homogeneous maximal ideal m. To describe explicitly the Rees algebra R(I) in terms of generators and relations we map another Rees ring R(M) onto it, where M is the direct sum of powers of m. We compute a Gröbne...

in this article, we give several generalizations of the concept of annihilating ideal graph over a commutative ring with identity to modules. weobserve that over a commutative ring $r$, $bbb{ag}_*(_rm)$ isconnected and diam$bbb{ag}_*(_rm)leq 3$. moreover, if $bbb{ag}_*(_rm)$ contains a cycle, then $mbox{gr}bbb{ag}_*(_rm)leq 4$. also for an $r$-module $m$ with$bbb{a}_*(m)neq s(m)setminus {0}$, $...