Purpose Fingolimod is among the first oral disease-modifying agents for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its favorable safety profile, fingolimod may cause macular edema, a significant adverse event, which occurs within the first 4 months of therapy. Macular edema usually resolves upon discontinuation of fingolimod; however, the time required for resolution ...

BACKGROUND The causative role of diffuse macular edema in various etiologies is often undetermined. OBJECTIVES To describe an association between extrafoveal vitreous traction and non-diabetic diffuse macular edema secondary to various ocular entities. METHODS In a retrospective study of eyes with non-diabetic diffuse macular edema, charts and optical coherence tomography scans demonstratin...

Lipofuscin results from digestion of photoreceptor outer segments by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and is the principal compound that causes RPE fluorescence during autofluorescence imaging. Absorption of the 488-nanometer blue light by macular pigments, especially by the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, causes normal macular hypo-autofluorescence. Fundus autofluorescence imaging is be...

PURPOSE To report ocular findings in eyes with radiation retinopathy and visual acuity (VA) results of photocoagulation for macular edema and proliferative retinopathy. METHODS This retrospective case series compared VA after photocoagulation treatment and nontreatment of radiation macular edema. Visual outcomes were assessed with regression analyses. RESULTS Eighty-seven eyes (78 [89.7%] t...

Nowadays Diabetic retinopathy has become a common eye disease in most of the developed countries. it occurs in almost 80% of all diabetic cases and is the leading cause of blindness. Diabetic macular edema (DME) is an advanced symptom of diabetic retinopathy and can lead to irreversible vision loss. So the importance of automatic assessment of macular edema increased. In this paper we have done...

The introduction of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) has improved the clinical value for assessment of the eyes with macular disease. This article reviews the advances of SD-OCT for the diagnostic of various macular diseases. These include vitreomacular traction syndrome, cystoid macular edema/diabetic macular edema, epiretinal membranes, full-thickness macular holes, lamel...

PURPOSE To assess the efficacy of intravitreal Pegaptanib sodium (Macugen(®)) injection in the management of refractory macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS This is a prospective, nonrandomized, interventional case series. Five eyes of five patients with macular edema refractory to either bevacizumab or triamcinolone were treated with intravitreal injection of Peg...

OBJECTIVE To explore the multifocal electroretinogram in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with clinically-significant macular edema. METHODS Forty-one eyes with clinically significant macular edema were tested. The latencies and amplitudes of average responses of 5 eccentric rings from 0 to 26 degrees relative to the fixation point were compared with normal values obtained ...