The Federal Reserve has been providing paper currency since its founding in 1913. In fact, the major purpose for creating the Federal Reserve System was to furnish an “elastic currency” that would make financial crises, such as the panic of 1907, less severe. While much has changed in the financial landscape over the last 87 years, currency remains an integral part of the U.S. payments system, ...

The role of HI content in galaxy interactions is still under debate. To study the pairs at different merging stages, we compile a sample 66 major-merger and 433 control galaxies from SDSS-IV MaNGA IFU survey. In this study, adopt kinematic asymmetry as new effective indicator to describe stage pairs. With archival data HI-MaNGA survey observations Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Radio Tel...

Voice conversion is a process which modifies speech produced by one speaker so that it sounds as if it is uttered by another speaker. In this paper a new voice conversion system is presented. The system requires parallel training data. By using linear prediction analysis, speech is described with line spectral frequencies and the corresponding residua. LSFs are converted together with instantan...

transmission of human pathogens can be occurred via inert objects. paper currency is a further common contact surface whereby pathogens can be transferred within a population although the significance remains unknown. hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate microbial populations associated with iranian paper currency.this study was carried out by getting 108 samples of the irania...

This paper investigates the contribution of fundamentals to the persistence of currency crises by identifying the determinants of high volatility in the exchange market pressure index (empi) for some new EU member states. The Markov switching model is utilised to identify the high volatility of empi, and a linear regression analysis is conducted to find the sources of the transition probability...

Spam is a major problem facing email today, and current solutions are ineffective. This paper presents our progress towards defining and implementing a payment-based email delivery system that solves the problem of spam. We present an extension to the email delivery protocol for specifying and collecting payments, explain its security requirements, and illustrate the use of the Lightweight Curr...

This paper presents evidence that the bid-ask spreads in euro rates increased relative to the corresponding bid-ask spreads in the German mark (DM) prior to the creation of the currency union. This comes with a decrease in transaction volume in the euro rates relative to the previous DM rates. The starkest example is the DM(euro)/yen rate in which the spread has risen by almost two-thirds while...

This article provides an analysis of the economic cost incurred by world through use fiat international reserve currency since end 1971 gold standard system. The uses Quantity Theory Money to provide empirical manifestation how yields income its issuing country provision inflation buffer, which is equivalent what frames as imperial rent currency. then a method estimate cumulative quantity this ...

Historically, exchange rate forecasting models have exhibited poor out-of-sample performances and were inferior to the random walk model. Monthly panel data from 1973 2014 for ten currency pairs of OECD countries are used make out-of sample forecasts with artificial neural networks XGBoost models. Most approaches show significant substantial predictive power in directional forecasts. Moreover, ...

Currency notes and coins play an important role in daily needs for the human being across world. These currency take a major spreading Corona virus infection circulation of enhance some infectious disease like COVID-19. A new prototype is introducing here to prevent problem that corona by hand money transfer This paper about preventing corona-virus through developing automatic, portable alcohol...