yt and Pt replaced by any variables that affect supply but not demand. In the 1970s econometricians began to recognize that how the supply or demand equation is normalized affects the estimator of the supply or demand elasticity (¡M or ¬R ) when the two-stage least squares (2SLS) approach is employed. The quality of this estimator is sensitive to the strength of instruments used in the 2SLS est...

this research provides an optimization tool for use by supply chain managers in the design and operation of manufacturing- distribution networks under uncertain demand conditions. the problem under consideration consists of determining the supply chain infrastructure; raw material purchases, shipments, and inventories; and finished product production quantities, inventories, and shipments neede...

We consider a repeated newsvendor problem where the decision-maker (DM) does not have access to the underlying distribution of discrete demand. We analyze three informational settings: i.) the DM observes realized demand in each period; ii.) the DM only observes realized sales ; and iii.) the DM observes realized sales but also a lost sales indicator that records whether demand was censored or ...

During recent years the trend to tighten competitiveness has been increasing globally almost in all industries, although before then it was absent many countries and economic sectors. This article touches upon main issues regarding of enriched curd products with prebiotic substances. On basis a consumer survey, calculation advantageous indicators performed. According results ranking quality ind...

have the potential to reduce their maximum peak dmand charges without sign$imntly afecting production. Working toward greater electrical tlCficiency will not only reduce your plant’s power costs but will also help your electric utility provide more efficient serdce at lower rates. This Technology Update helps you identijij whether your plant has the potential for reducing maximum demand and des...

This study aims to develop a novel methodology to prioritize the construction of new railway infrastructures for privatization. The private sector can cooperate to solve the capacity problems of railway networks, by the construction of new infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to answer the basic question that whether the capacity problems of the railway networks can be solved simply by ...

Acupuncture is a popular but controversial treatment option for low back pain. In China, it is practised as traditional Chinese medicine; other treatment strategies for low back pain are commonly practised as Western medicine. Research on patient preference for low back-pain treatment options has been mainly conducted in Western countries and is limited to a willingness-to-pay approach. A state...

This article develops indicators to monitor energy efficiency developments in the food and tobacco industry based on physical production data at the firm level provided by the statistics office of the Netherlands in a confidential basis. We measure energy efficiency by using an energy efficiency indicator which is the aggregate specific energy consumption. Our results show that the food and tob...

Considering water resource scarcity and uncertainty in climate and demand futures, decision-makers require techniques for sustainability analysis in resource management. Through unclear definitions of “sustainability”, however, traditional indices for resource evaluation propose options of limited flexibility by adopting static climate and demand scenarios, limiting analysis variables to a part...