BACKGROUND Reports on agmatine are controversial showing that it may improve memory, it can deteriorate memory and some did not notice any interference with learning and memory. In the present study, the effect of directly intra-CA1 agmatine microinjection on water maze learning and memory has been assessed. METHODS The cannuls were implanted in hippocampal CA1 regions of rats in a sterotaxic...

It has been proposed that extracellular cGMP modulates the ability to learn a Y maze task, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. Here we show that extracellular cGMP, at physiological concentrations, modulates learning in the Y maze in a biphasic way by modulating the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in cerebellum. Extracellular cGMP reduces glycine receptors activation inducing a ...

The 14-unit T-maze has proven to be a valuable tool for investigating age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). While another task widely used to evaluate AAMI, the water maze, is primarily used to evaluate allocentric hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, the 14-unit T-maze can assess egocentric procedural memory. Although several brain structures, e.g. hippocampus, parietal cortex, have been i...

Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the control of emotion, learning, and memory. We have examined endothelial NO synthase-deficient mice (eNOS-/-) in terms of habituation to an open field, elevated plus-maze behavior, Morris water maze performance, and changes in cerebral monoamines. In the open field, eNOS-/- animals were less active than wild-type controls but showed unimpaired habituat...

Little is known about whether events in youth impact performance in old age. We examined spatial navigation in young (4.5 months) and middle-aged (9 months) CD-1 mice in a complex maze after treatment with 3-nitropropionate (3-np; 20 mg/kg body weight; 9 injections intraperitoneally [i.p.] every other day). Young mice treated with 3-np were examined in a mirror version of this maze in old age (...

Behavior geneticists have long sought to display learning in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster), but previous research efforts have proven problematic. The following describes a maze apparatus and a procedural technique that have produced positive results in learning tasks with negative geotaxis flies. The Plexiglas maze is inexpensive to construct and offers a functional versatility that ...

Background: Through its membrane and intracellular receptors, vitamin D regulates many vital functions in the body including its well known actions on musculoskeletal system. Growing body of evidences demonstrate that vitamin D undergoes some of behavioral aspects of neurocognition. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of food regimens without vitamin D or with a supplement of ...

This paper presents the design, implementation and testing of a real-time system using computer vision and machine learning techniques to demonstrate learning behavior in a miniature mobile robot. The miniature robot, through environmental sensing, learns to navigate a maze choosing the optimum route. Several reinforcement learning based algorithms, such as Q-learning, Q(λ)-learning , fast onli...

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent non-communicable neurologic diseases leading to significant disability and mortality. Complaints of impaired learning and memory are common in patients of epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may further enhance this impairment. So the present study was carried out on albino rats to evaluate the effect of AEDs on learning and memory. Objective: ...

Data on the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on learning and memory processes are not consistent. In the present study, the effects of citalopram, a very potent and completely selective inhibitor of the serotonin reuptake on spatial discrimination in the T-maze and Morris water maze, were assessed in mice and/or rats. Animals received different doses of citalopram (1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 mg/k...