How to design a efficient routing among a set of mobile hosts (also called nodes) is one of the most important functions in ad hoc wireless networks. Routing based on a minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) is a promising approach, where the search space for a route is reduced to nodes in the set (also called gateway nodes). So, to determine this set is a very vital problem. This paper introd...

PURPOSE Mechanistic case diagram (MCD) was recommended for increasing the depth of understanding of disease, but with few articles on its specific methods. We address the experience of making MCD in the fullest depth to identify the pros and cons of using MCDs in such ways. METHODS During problem-based learning, we gave guidelines of MCD for its mechanistic exploration from subcellular proces...

Wireless sensor networks which are used to monitor and control a specific area, are made of many small sensor nodes; they are compressed and spread in an environment. One of the most challenges in these types of networks is Energy limitation which has direct influence on sensor network lifetime. Unicast routing in wireless sensor networks is a way for data delivery to a receiver. In this paper ...

Connected-dominating-set (CDS) is a representative technique for constructing a virtual backbone of wireless networks. Most of existing works on CDS aim at minimizing the size of the CDS, i.e., constructing the minimum CDS (MCDS), so as to reduce the communication overhead over the CDS. However, MCDS may not work well in cognitive radio networks (CRNs) where communication links are prone to fai...

To better assess the potential biological consequences of diagnostic x-rays and selected gamma-emitting radioisotopes used in brachytherapy, we used the PENELOPE Monte Carlo radiation transport code to estimate the spectrum of initial electrons produced by photons in single cells and in an irradiation geometry similar to those used in cell culture experiments. We then combined estimates of the ...

We present an exceptional case of a patient with hemimegalencephaly and secondary intractable epilepsy treated with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and subsequent glioblastoma development in the hemimegalencephalic hemisphere 6 years after surgery. VNS (at age 18 years) led to a 60% reduction of intractable seizures. However, symptoms of intracranial hypertension suddenly occurred 6 years after s...

objective: the passage of ionizing radiation in living cells creates clusters of damaged nucleotides in dna. in this study, dna strand breaks induced by the beta particle of iodine-131 (i-131), have been determined experimentally and compared to monte carlo simulation results as a theoretical method of determining131i damage. materials and methods: in this experimental study, in order to create...

BACKGROUND The Schmid type of metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (MCDS) is generally due to mutations in COL10A1 encoding for type X collagen of cartilage. METHODS We performed a study on the genes coding for the RNA components of RNase MRP (MRPR) and RNase P (H1RNA) among 20 patients with diagnosis of MCDS and no mutations in COL10A1. RESULTS Two patients were found to be homozygous for a base s...

This paper presents a near-optimal distributed approximation algorithm for the minimumweight connected dominating set (MCDS) problem. We use the standard distributed message passing model called the CONGEST model in which in each round each node can send O(log n) bits to each neighbor. The presented algorithm finds an O(log n) approximation in Õ(D+ √ n) rounds, where D is the network diameter a...

Connected dominating set (CDS), also known as virtual backbone, is a fundamental structure in multihop wireless networks with a broad range of applications in routing and network management (cf. a recent survey [3] and references therein). A CDS is a subset of nodes U such that any pair of non-adjacent nodes can communicate with each other though the nodes in U (see Figure 1). For many applicat...