Necessary and sufficient relations between measurement objectivity and psychometric models for data in more than two categories are reviewed and extended. Rasch (1960, 1961) and others prove the sufficiency of Rasch models for objectivity. Douglas and Wright (1986) derive the model necessary for objectivity for data in two categories. Rasch (1968) outlines a proof of the model necessary for obs...

Roya Ensafi is a Research Assistant Professor in Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan, where her research focuses on computer networking and security. She pioneered the use of side-channels to remotely measure network interference and censorship of Internet traffic. Prior to joining Michigan, she was a postdoc at Princeton University. [email protected] Despite the perva...

Several studies that measured basic human values across countries with the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21) reported violations of measurement invariance. Such violations may hinder meaningful cross-cultural research on human values because value scores may not be comparable. Schwartz et al. (2012) proposed a refined value theory and a new instrument (PVQ-5X) to measure 19 more narrowly d...