introduction cattle are a monotocous species meaning that, under most circumstances, a successful pregnancy results in the birth of one calf. twinning rate has been reported in dairy cows from 3 to 5 percent, which can be influenced by maternal age.the birth of twins is detrimental to the majority of beef and dairy cattle producer. financial loss arising from any of twinning has been reported i...

In this work, plastic deformation was locally introduced at room temperature by 12 nanoindentation on a γ-TiAl based alloy. Comprehensive analyzes of microstructures were 13 performed before and after deformation. In particular, the Burgers vectors, the line directions and 14 the mechanical twinning systems were studied via accurate electron channeling contrast imaging. 15 Accommodation of the ...

The Acoustic Emission of deformation twinning in Magnesium is investigated in this article. Single crystal testing with combined full field deformation measurements, as well as polycrystalline testing inside the scanning electron microscope with simultaneous monitoring of texture evolution and twin nucleation were compared to testing at the laboratory scale with respect to recordings of Acousti...

The fundamental theory of crystal twinning has been long established, leading to a significant advance in understanding the nature of this physical phenomenon. However, there remains a substantial gap between the elaborate theory and the practical determination of twinning elements. This paper proposes a direct and simple method - valid for any crystal structure and based on the minimum shear c...

In situ tensile and reversed cyclic tests were run on a TWIP steel in SEM, with High-Resolution Digital Image Correlation (HR-DIC) measurements of the plastic strain field few selected grains prone to twinning, spatial resolution between 150 250 nm, or under an AFM, surface steps height at emerging deformation twins. Evidences detwinning upon load reversal, as well quantitative data twinning/de...

When twinning rates are studied, maternal age and parity should be considered. Data on parity are seldom available. We studied information about the mean parity, using the gross reproduction rate, the total fertility rate and the crude birth rate. These are strongly correlated with the mean parity. The crude birth rate is more readily available than the gross reproduction rate or the total fert...

Entries deposited in the Protein Data Bank as of February 2004 for which both model and X-ray data were available were analysed to identify cases of twinning using such simple statistics as the R factor between potential twin-related reflections. Careful consideration of all identified twins showed that in many cases twinning was ignored during structure solution and refinement. Manual analysis...

This article systematically overviews the grain size effect on deformation twinning and detwinning in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. With decreasing grain size, coarse-grained fcc metals become more difficult to deform by twinning, whereas nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals first become easier to deform by twinning and then become more difficult, exhibiting an optimum grain size for twinning. T...

We draw upon existing knowledge of twinning and slip mechanics to develop a diffraction analysis model that allows for empirical quantification of individual deformation mechanisms to the macroscopic behaviors of low symmetry and phase transforming crystalline solids. These methods are applied in studying elasticity, accommodation twinning, deformation twinning, and slip through neutron diffrac...

Twinning is a fundamental deformation mode that competes against dislocation slip in crystalline solids. In metallic nanostructures, plastic deformation requires higher stresses than those needed in their bulk counterparts, resulting in the 'smaller is stronger' phenomenon. Such high stresses are thought to favour twinning over dislocation slip. Deformation twinning has been well documented in ...