two omega-3 fatty acids including docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) are essential for the physiologic function of neuronal cell membrane. normal function of neuronal cell membrane requires appropriate composition of fatty in its structure. present study was designed to compare the effect of short-term and long-term pretreatment with omega-3 fatty acids on scopolamine-in...

background and objectives: there is well established the beneficial effects of crocus sativus extract in learning and memory improvement. in the present study the effect of this plant in memory behavioral impairment and forbrain histological damage induced by stz-icv model of alzheimer disease were investigated. materials and methods: this study was conducted at shahed university (tehran) in 20...

Background It was recently hypothesized that the lentiviral reservoir in central memory (TCM) and transitional memory (TTM) CD4+ cells could be restricted by new therapies targeting pathways downstream of homeostatic proliferation or pathways associated with “stem cell–ness”, such as those developed for the treatment of leukemias. Gar1041 is one such epigenetic drug adopted in the experimental ...

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a reflection of synaptic plasticity that induced by specific patterns of synaptic activity and has an important role in learning and memory. The first clue of the potential role of glutamate receptors in LTP was in 1991 with the observation that the mGluR agonists 1-amino-1, 3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (ACPD), increased LTP. Studies have shown that ACPD induc...

The impetus behind the current study was to get the best use of all possible pathways of the learner’s brain. Multiple-pathway model, one model of brain-based instruction, on which the current study was based, has synergic effect addressing sensory-motor, emotion, reward, attention, memory, language, frontal lobe (executive function), and social pathways of the learner’s brain altogether. To th...

Distractions are ubiquitous; our brains are inundated with task-irrelevant information. Thus, to remember successfully, one must actively maintain relevant information and prevent distraction from entering working memory. Researchers suggest the basal ganglia-prefrontal pathways are vital to this process by acting as a working memory gate. Using Parkinson's disease as a model of frontostriatal ...

Theta oscillations are considered crucial mechanisms in neuronal communication across brain areas, required for consolidation and retrieval of fear memories. One form of inhibitory learning allowing adaptive control of fear memory is extinction, a deficit of which leads to maladaptive fear expression potentially leading to anxiety disorders. Behavioral responses after extinction training are th...

The clonal expansion, differentiation into effectors and establishing an immunological memory are crucial components of the adaptive immune response. Following the initial encounter with a pathogen, clonal CD8 T cell expansion yields at least two distinct populations of effector cells, short-lived effector cells (SLECs) and memory precursor effector cells (MPECs). SLECs are the terminally diffe...

Objective(s): Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is dysfunction of the central nervous system and as a neurodegenerative disease. The objective of this work is to investigate metabolic profiling in the serum of animal models of AD compared to healthy controls and then to peruse the role of ghrelin as a therapeutic approach for the AD.Materials and Methods: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique was u...