Previous publications have discussed the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhages, hallucinations and psychosis in COVID-19 patients. In this article, we reviewed literature on subject while depicting case a 63-year-old female patient who suffered from an hemorrhage right basal ganglia thalamus two weeks after diagnosis developed visual hallucinosis shortly after. We concluded that, there may be...

Vitamin D is a neuroactive steroid. Its genomic actions are mediated via the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The VDR emerges in the rat mesencephalon at embryonic day 12, representing the peak period of dopaminergic cell birth. Our prior studies reveal that developmental vitamin D (DVD)-deficiency alters the ontogeny of dopaminergic neurons in the...

Ocular tilt reaction (OTR) includes skew deviation, eye torsion and head tilt. It is usually accompanied by a tilt in the subjective visual vertical. OTR seems to reflect an otolithic dysfunction. This case report shows an OTR of central origin as a result of simultaneous paramedial thalamic and mesencephalon rostral infarcts.

The controversy about whether dopamine contributes to cell loss in Parkinson's disease takes a new turn as Mosharov et al. in this issue of Neuron demonstrate that Ca2+ influx through L-type channels elevates dopamine synthesis to potentially toxic levels in vulnerable ventral mesencephalon neurons.

We report a case of Wernicke encephalopathy in which the only sign of acute disease was enhancement of the mamillary bodies. This case demonstrates the utility of gadolinium enhancement at MR imaging as a means of diagnosing or confirming the syndrome of Wernicke encephalopathy even in the absence of atrophy or T2 abnormalities within the diencephalon and mesencephalon.

The brain vesicles that are formed at an early stage of neural development are the fundamentals of the brain plan. Heterotopic transplantation revealed that the diencephalon could change its fate when juxtaposed to the isthmus (mes-metencephalic boundary), which indicated that the isthmus functions as an organizer for the mesencephalon and metencephalon. Fgf8 is identified as an isthmus organiz...

321 The use of human fetal CNS tissue for implantation into the brains of patients with neurological disorders and for basic research requires definitive identification and characterization of the donor tissue. The presence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreac-tivity, the levels of various monoamines and their metabolites and the viability of enzymatically dispersed cells by trypan blue...

The precise site of origin and the cells of origin of the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve in birds have been studied by the method of growing embryonic fore-, mid- and hind brain grafts inside a millipore filter chamber filled with amniotic fluid, upon a host chorioallantoic membrane, and by the method of transplantation of cranial neural crest of the mesencephalon between embryo-...

Understanding the genetic mechanisms that control patterning of the vertebrate brain represents a major challenge for developmental neurobiology. Previous data suggest that Otx1 and Otx2, two murine homologs of the Drosophila orthodenticle (otd) gene, might both contribute to brain morphogenesis. To gain insight into this possibility, the level of OTX proteins was modified by altering in vivo t...

BACKGROUND Our objective was to study the effect of trauma on texture features in cerebral tissue in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Our hypothesis was that a mild trauma may cause microstructural changes, which are not necessarily perceptible by visual inspection but could be detected with texture analysis (TA). METHODS We imaged 42 MTBI patients by using 1.5 T MRI within three weeks of ...