PLEASE NOTE: Contracts exclude from coverage, among other things, services or procedures that are considered investigational or cosmetic. Providers may bill members for services or procedures that are considered investigational or cosmetic. Providers are encouraged to inform members before rendering such services that the members are likely to be financially responsible for the cost of these se...

Since the late 19th century, microsurgery has achieved many miracles in history of surgery. With development microsurgical instruments and techniques, especially first operating microscope invented by Carl Zeiss 1953, limitations steadily decreased finally reached a limitless level today’s supermicrosurgery. The chronological can be divided into four periods: beginning period to early 20th cent...

The field of endodontics has seen vast improvements in technology and techniques over the past several years. Perhaps the one area of endodontics that has improved the most is the way in which surgery is performed. With the use of state-of-the-art instruments, new and improved materials, and a surgical operating microscope, the gap has narrowed between biological concepts and the ability to ach...

Background: Musculoskeletal symptoms are the main cause of loss of working time, and increase in labor costs. Poor posture is the most important risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal symptoms. This study aimed at evaluating the role of ergonomic risk factors in different surgical (open surgery, laparoscopy, and microsurgery) in the frequency or resonance frequency of musculoskeletal symp...

Vestibular schwannomas are slow-growing, benign tumours. Microsurgery has been the standard treatment for vestibular schwannoma over the past 30 years. Following the introduction of stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of vestibular schwannoma in 1969, its increasing use worldwide had led to its acceptance by many as a safe and efficient alternative to microsurgery. The primary advantage...

1 “Carol Davila”University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania 2 Department of Plastic Surgery and Reconstruction Microsurgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania 3 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania 4 Department of General Surgery, Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania Corresponding author: Tiberiu P...

Practitioners of periodontics must have familiarity with the various methods of optical magnification and, ultimately, the surgical microscope, if they are going to refine their basic surgical techniques with improved visual acuity, as other areas of medicine and dentistry are doing. Macroscopic versus microscopic vision determines the degree to which surgeons can handle soft and hard tissue fo...

BACKGROUND Our goal was to determine the impact of reconstructive microsurgery on the treatment of advanced oral cavity cancers. METHODS We reviewed 484 patients undergoing resection of T3-4 oral cavity squamous cell cancers from 1980 to 2004. To examine how reconstructive microsurgery affects outcomes, we compared 135 patients treated prior to the introduction of free tissue transfer and 349...

Combined two-photon fluorescence microscopy and femtosecond laser microsurgery has many potential biomedical applications as a powerful "seek-and-treat" tool. Towards developing such a tool, we demonstrate a miniaturized probe which combines these techniques in a compact housing. The device is 10 x 15 x 40 mm(3) in size and uses an aircore photonic crystal fiber to deliver femtosecond laser pul...