Small, high-speed, and multi-functional computers and other electronic devices have been enabled by high integration technologies that have come to reality by the miniaturization through the LSI process scaling which uses a very fine pattern. However, an upper limit in the progress of such miniaturization has come into sight. The miniaturization will be technologically limited due to the increa...

Introduction The number of micro scale applications of metals is growing rapidly. Progressive miniaturization has become a decisive characteristic of developments in electronic devices (Figure 1) or electronically controlled mechanical systems. Along with the miniaturization so-called size effects occur in sheet metal manufacturing processes. These effects are assumed to be caused by changes in...

A novel suspended planar-array chips technology is described, which effectively allows molecular multiplexing using a single suspended chip to analyze extraordinarily small volumes. The suspended chips are fabricated by combining silicon-based technology and polymer-pen lithography, obtaining increased molecular pattern flexibility, and improving miniaturization and parallel production. The chi...

The body size, especially in cases of extreme reduction, is an important characteristic that strongly determines the morphology, physiology, and biology of animals. Miniaturization is a widespread trend in animal evolution and one of the principal directions of evolution in insects. Miniaturization-related features of insect morphology have been subject to intensive studies during the last few ...