In large regions of the world, biomass is a very important source of energy. The global bioenergy market based on forest biomass is growing rapidly. About 92 % of the bioenergy in Sweden comes from forests. Biomass from forests is not homogenous. The locations, transport distances, and transport methods, can differ very much and the industries that need biomass as input prefer raw materials wit...

always mazandaran province had been exposed to development and changes because of location in coastline of the caspian sea and having unique conditions. gis and remote sensing can be used to monitor in order to manage this sensitive province. then, this study is trying to detect land cover changes in coastal areas of mazandaran province using lcm. land cover changes detection have done using la...

Tropical agriculture is expanding rapidly at the expense of forest, driving a global extinction crisis. How to create agricultural landscapes that minimise the clearance of forest and maximise sustainability is thus a key issue. One possibility is protecting natural forest within or adjacent to crop monocultures to harness important ecosystem services provided by biodiversity spill-over that ma...

Although there are several lines of evidence regarding the prehistoric spread of farming peoples through the forest, nothing is known about the original pygmy occupation, nor the evolution of their relationship with the horticulturists. This paper will examine the history, geography, and ecology of that forest, and the prehistoric immigration of farming peoples in order to provide a context for...

Coffee agroforestry systems and secondary forests have been shown to support similar bird communities but comparing these habitat types are challenged by potential biases due to differences in detectability between habitats. Furthermore, seasonal dynamics may influence bird communities differently in different habitat types and therefore seasonal effects should be considered in comparisons. To ...

Small farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological-economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. We first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land tha...

nowadays because of various factors, including inappropriate land use, and indiscriminate exploitation of water resources, soil and vegetation, wide areas of the country were exposed to destruction of lands and desertification. therefore dealing with this situation requires a comprehensive land use program (water and land) and appropriate environment potency. the study area is patom district of...