Two nonstandard modes o f mference, conftrmatton and dental, have been shown by Bandler and Kohout to be vahd m fuzzy propositional and predicate logics. I f demal ts used m combmatton with modus ponens, the resultmg mference mode ("augmented modus ponens") ytelds more prectse bounds on the consequent of an implication than are usually called for m approximate reasoning. Slmdar results hold for...

Modeling human conditional reasoning of the type “if p then q” containing negations poses a challenge for connectionism. An integrate-and-fire pulsed network (INFERNET) was used to model this type of conditional reasoning. This model also provides an insight on certain human limitations. The model is compared to empirical data, and classical explanations. Statistical analysis shows that the mod...

Two important basic inference models of fuzzy reasoning are Fuzzy Modus Ponens (FMP) and Tollens (FMT). In order to solve FMP FMT problems, the full implication triple I algorithm, reverse algorithm Subsethood Inference (SIS for short) proposed, respectively. Furthermore, existing algorithms extended intuitionistic sets interval-valued according different needs. The purpose this paper is study ...

Cross-linguistic comparisons serve as empirical tests generating evidence for and against lexical ambiguity in words like “good”, “know”, “the”, “can”, “may”. Critics question such comparisons' validity. This article examines how cross-linguistic are treated shows that they have two predominant forms: one modeled on modus tollens, another Bayes' theorem, where the former is an enthymematic vers...

We give some simple examples of applying the well-known elementary probability theory inequalities and properties in field logical argumentation. A probabilistic version hypothetical syllogism inference rule is as follows: if propositions A, B, C, A→B, B→C have probabilities a, b, c, r, s, respectively, then for p A→C, we f(a,b,c,r,s)≤p≤g(a,b,c,r,s), functions f g given parameters. In this pape...

This paper is devoted to the research of full implication triple I method under Pythagorean fuzzy environment. We first propose concepts t-norm, t-conorm, residual operator (RPFIO) and biresiduum. The for modus ponens (PFMP) tollens (PFMT) are also established. In addition, properties PFMP PFMT models including robustness, continuity reversibility analyzed. Finally, a practical problem discusse...

A fine-grained dual-process approach to conditional reasoning is advocated: Responses to conditional syllogisms are reached through the operation of either one of two systems, each of which can rely on two different mechanisms. System1 relies either on pragmatic implicatures or on the retrieval of information from semantic memory; System2 operates first through inhibition of System1, then (but ...

This paper deals with the CAPM-derived capital budgeting criterion, and in particular with Rubinstein’s (1973) criterion, according to which a project is profitable if the project rate of return is greater than the risk-adjusted cost of capital, where the latter depends on the project’s disequilibrium systematic risk. It is shown that the disequilibrium net present value implied by this criteri...

The function and potential importance of statistical tests in examining and evaluating substantive and psychological hypotheses is discussed. Psychological hypotheses are sharply distinguished from statistical hypotheses. Decisions on statistical hypotheses must be separated from decisions on psychological hypotheses. Some differences between both kinds of hypotheses are addressed, and the ques...