15 If today you want to keep up with basic and clin‐ ical research, you need to concentrate on a very small field and reach tremendous depths in this very field. And, actually, life is too short to also accumulate the knowledge necessary to do mean‐ ingful scientific work even on closely related top‐ ics. Hence, specialization is inevitable not only in research; it was a prerequisite for the de...

Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society. In 1935, Hall and O’Toole first isolated a gram-positive, cytotoxinproducing anaerobic bacterium from the stool of healthy neonates.1 They named it Bacillus difficilis to reflect the difficulties they encountered in its isolation and culture. We now face the opposite problem of being unable to contain the growth and spread of the same bacterium, n...

We respond to commentaries on our 2020 article ‘Automation, algorithms, and beyond: Why work design matters more than ever in a digital world’ report research the topic since that publication. A top-down perspective technologies appears even important yet still neglected, as suggested by recent studies. The opportunities challenges of new have been addressed somewhat successfully through bottom...

“Prevention is better than cure” [...]

But a study of the publications millions researchers also suggests that women are less likely to continue their academic careers than male counterparts.