To investigate the cognitive enhancement effect of WNK, an extracts combination of P. ginseng,  G. biloba, and C. sativus L. and possible mechanisms, 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were used in this study. After 3 months of administration, all mice received Morris water maze (MWM) training and a probe test. Mouse brain sections were detected by immunohistochemistry, HE staining, and transm...

The ameliorative effect of medicarpin (MC) was investigated by animal behavioral experiments such as Morris water maze (MWM), Y-maze, and passive avoidance test (PAT), using scopolamine-induced cognitively impaired mice. scopolamine (5 mg/kg), donepezil MC 15 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneal injection at a volume 0.3 mL. In the MWM, escape latency times MC-treated groups significantly d...

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activity has been strongly implicated in both in vitro and in vivo learning models and the decline in cognitive function associated with aging and is linked to a decrease in NMDAR functional expression. GLYX-13 is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr) which acts as a NMDAR receptor partial agonist at the glycine site. GLYX-13 was administered to young adult (3 months old) and a...

Introduction: Age-related cognitive decline decreases with aerobic physical exercise in many animal models and humans. Irisin, a myokine its’ precursor FNDC5, has increased hippocampal development to improve learning memory. This study aims determine the association between irisin, activity enhancement of spatial adult mice. Methods: Three experimental studies will be conducted explore role FND...

introduction: ascorbic acid (aa) acts as an antioxidant in the central nervous system (cns) of the mammalians. it is released from the some nerve ending together with neurotransmitters. the results have shown that ascorbic acid could affect learning as well as memory. in this study, we examined the effect of icv injection of ascorbic acid on learning and memory by morris water maze. method: in ...

In this study, we examined the ability of post-training injections of cocaine to facilitate spatial memory performance using the Morris water maze (MWM). We also investigated the role that hippocampal protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) signaling may play in cocaine-mediated spatial memory consolidation processes. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were first tr...

Growing evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system is important for the acquisition and/or extinction of learning and memory. However, it is unclear which endocannabinoid(s) play(s) a crucial role in these cognitive functions, especially memory extinction. To elucidate the physiological role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a major endocannabinoid, in behavioral and cognitive functions...

A growing body of evidence supports the use of serotonin 5-HT6 receptor antagonists as a promising mechanism for treating cognitive dysfunction. We evaluated 5-HT6 receptor expression and associated biochemical mechanisms in the hippocampus of rats that had been trained in the Morris water maze (MWM), a spatial learning task. Training in the MWM induces a down-regulation of 5-HT6 receptor prote...

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common causes of neuropathy. Although antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) (AEOP) have been demonstrated before by other researchers, we did not find any study that assessed the psychobiological effects of AEOP in diabetes induced animals. Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) female Wistar rats were randomly div...

objective(s) learning is defined as the acquisition of information and skills, while subsequent retention of that information is called memory. the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of boswellia papyrifera on learning and memory paradigms in mice and rats. materials and methods this study was held at the department of pharmacology, faculty of pharma...