Objective(s): Widely used Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) enter into the body and cause various organ damages. Therefore, we aimed to study the effect of TiO2 on the substantia nigra of midbrain. Materials and Methods: 40 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: three groups received TiO2 at doses of 10, 25, and 50 ...

introduction cholinergic system is one of the important systems of mammalian cns. cholinergic neurons distributed in brain and spinal cord and contributed to principal functions like: consciousness, learning and memory, and motor control. in this study we investigated the differentiation potentiality of mouse embryonic stem cells toward cholinergic neurons. the aim of this study was to evaluate...

The aquatic frog Xenopus laevis uses a complex vocal repertoire during mating and male-male interactions. Calls are produced without breathing, allowing the frogs to vocalize for long periods underwater. The Xenopus vocal organ, the larynx, is innervated by neurons in cranial motor nucleus (n.) IX-X, which contains both vocal (laryngeal) and respiratory (glottal) motor neurons. The primary desc...

Background: Acute Flaccid Paralysis or polio is a viral infectious disease that affects the motor neurons of central nervous system and can be prevented through vaccination.

Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial ALS by provoking premature death of adult motor neurons. To test whether mutant damage to cell types beyond motor neurons is required for the onset of motor neuron disease, we generated chimeric mice in which all motor neurons and oligodendrocytes expressed mutant SOD1 at a level sufficient to cause fatal, e...

Many limb movements are composed of alternating flexions and extensions. However, the underlying spinal network mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we show that the intensity of synaptic excitation and inhibition in limb motoneurons varies in phase rather than out of phase during rhythmic scratchlike network activity in the turtle. Inhibition and excitation peak with the total neuron conduc...

From the Department of Surgery, Tohoku University, Faculty of Medicine, Sendai. Director : Prof. S-T. Katsura (Received for publication, February 19, 1955) Studies of E.M.G. have made a great advance recentlyl)2). It has be come evident that the E.M.G. is significant for the diagnosis of diseases on the lower motor neuron. Clinical application of E.M.G. on disease of the upper motor neuron is, ...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of upper motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord lower neurons. ALS was first described Jean-Martin Charcot 1874 based on clinical features postmortem examinations. In 1990, diagnostic criteria for were developed features. Subsequently, three additional published. this article, we...

The spike activity of neuromodulatory dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons was analyzed during a pilocarpine-induced motor pattern in the locust. Paired intracellular recordings were made from these octopaminergic neurons during rhythmic activity in hindleg motor neurons evoked by applying pilocarpine to an isolated metathoracic ganglion. This motor pattern is characterized by two alternating p...