Since half of the genes are inherited from paternal side, maternal immune system has to tolerate presence foreign antigens. Regulatory T cells facilitate development and maintenance peripheral tissue tolerance fetus during pregnancy. Reduction in regulatory is associated with complications pregnancy, including spontaneous abortion. Recent studies mouse models have shown that adoptive transfer T...

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan, is expressed by a variety of cells and tissues such as macrophages, dendritic cells, cells of the endocrine system and by the placenta. IFN-γ is the main inducer of this enzyme. IDO acts as an important defense mechanism of innate immunity against pathogens. It also has tumor suppressive activity and prolongs...

background: hla-g is a major histocompatibility complex (mhc), class ib molecule that is selectively expressed at the fetal–maternal interface. it is thought to play a role in protecting the fetus from the maternal immune response. interestingly, the preimplantation embryo development (ped) gene product qa-2 is also a mouse mhc class ib protein that affects cleavage and division of preimplantat...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of micrognathic development in mouse fetus induced by Sulfadimethoxine (SDM). SDM of 3,000 mg/kg was administered orally to pregnant ICR mice on days 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of gestation. The fetuses were removed on day 15 to analyze the incidence of micrognathia. The incidence of micrognathia was the highest in the treated group on day ...

Abstract Pregnancy constitutes an immunological paradox, where despite the competent maternal immune system, semi-allogeneic fetus evades rejection. The mechanisms at maternal-fetal interface and mother’s secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) that dodge immunologic attack to fetus, remain largely unknown. Passage of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a mechanism cell-to-cell communication transfer ant...

The efflux transporter, the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), is most abundantly expressed in the apical membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblasts, indicating that it could play an important role in protecting the fetus by limiting xenobiotic/drug penetration across the placental barrier. In the present study, we examined whether Bcrp1, the murine homolog of human BCRP, limits fetal...

In rodents and swine, individual differences in a broad range of characteristics correlate with intrauterine position during fetal life. By identifying the intrauterine position of mice at cesarean delivery, we can predict reliably postnatal reproductive traits such as genital morphology, timing of puberty, length of estrous cycles, timing of reproductive senescence, sexual attractiveness, sexu...