Potato mop-top pomovirus (PMTV) is one of a few viruses that can move systemically in plants in the absence of the capsid protein (CP). Pomoviruses encode the triple gene block genetic module of movement proteins (TGB 1, 2, and 3) and recent research suggests that PMTV RNA is transported either as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes containing TGB1 or encapsidated in virions containing TGB1. Furt...

Introduction: The purpose of the current study was to examine whether age-related differences are exhibited in the relative contributions of vision and proprioception with initial hand position to the control of movement distance of single-joint reaching movements. Methods: We use a virtual reality display to systematically change the relationship between the actual hand position and the displa...

The current study was designed to examine potential interlimb asymmetries in controlling movement extent. Subjects made repetitive single-joint elbow extension movements while the arm was supported on a horizontal, frictionless, air-jet system. Four targets of 10, 20, 35, and 45 degrees excursions were randomly presented over the course of 150 trials. For both arms, peak tangential hand velocit...

The phloem macromolecular transport system plays a pivotal role in plant growth and development. However, little information is available regarding whether the long-distance trafficking of macromolecules is a controlled process or passive movement. Here, we demonstrate the destination-selective long-distance trafficking of phloem proteins. Direct introduction, into rice (Oryza sativa), of phloe...

The identification of mechanisms of spatial-temporal variation, obtained from the quantification of natural populations, is a central topic of ecological research. Despite its importance to life-history theory, as well as to conservation and management of natural populations, no studies concerning movement patterns and home range of small stream-dwelling fishes from Brazilian rain forests are k...

Space availability is essential to grant the welfare of animals. To determine the effect of space availability on movement and space use in pregnant ewes (Ovis aries), 54 individuals were studied during the last 11 weeks of gestation. Three treatments were tested (1, 2, and 3 m2/ewe; 6 ewes/group). Ewes' positions were collected for 15 minutes using continuous scan samplings two days/week. Tota...

aging has negative effects on motor and cognitive functions, so it is essential to identify appropriate strategies to prevent the decrease of motor and cognitive functions. the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of vitamin e supplement on motor activity and spatial learning in aged rats. 36 male albino – wistar aged rats were assigned to three groups of control, vitamin e and sh...

abstract film theoreticians, in the early stages of practice, emphasized the corporeal characteristics of the medium and the relationship between cinema and the spectator’s senses. besides, in the opposite direction to the early cinema concentration on audience bodily identification with the film, the evolution of cinematic language and the subsequent prevailing of a dominant narrative system, ...

This paper investigates the problem of efficient displacement of random sensors where good communication within the network is provided, there is no interference between sensors and the movement cost is minimized in expectation. Fix d ∈ N \ {0}. Assume n sensors are initially placed in the hyperoctant [0,∞)d according to d identical and independent Poisson processes each with arrival rate n1/d....