BACKGROUND Peribulbar and retrobulbar anesthesia have long been opposed on the basis of the existence of an intermuscular membrane, which is supposed to separate the intraconal from the extraconal spaces in a water-tight fashion. A local anesthetic injected outside the cone should spread through this septum to reach the nerves to be blocked. The existence of this septum is questioned. The aim o...

Over the past 2 decades several investigators (1-4) have attempted to demonstrate with a variety of methodologies that the morphologically right ventricle in p miens with either pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis can grow after surgical intervention . That growth should occur in a morphologically right ventricle whose dimensions are nearly normal or in an occasional patient with a...

Anatomical studies were made on 114 necropsy specimens of atrioventricular defects with atrioventricular concordance. The malformation is characterised by disproportion between the ventricular inlet and outlet dimensions and a malorientation of the aortic valve relative to the atrioventricular valve or valves. Associated with this there is a characteristic 'scopped-out' appearance of the muscul...

The term cor triatriatum is open to criticism but has been used by previous writers and has the merit of being superficially descriptive of a heart in which a transverse septum divides the left auricle into an upper and lower chamber. In 1829, Andral stated that he had seen a heart with three auricles, but he did not describe it. The abnormality is clearly uncommon for, since 1868, when Church ...

We recently speculated that mitral-aortic separation (MAS) might be increased in discrete subaortic stenosis (DSS). We have examined this hypothesis in 22 heart specimens in which the subaortic obstruction originated on the muscular ventricular septum below the right aortic sinus, either as a discrete band, an accumulation of several bands or a diffuse ridge, and extended posteriorly into the M...

BACKGROUND Aneurysm of the muscular interventricular septum is a rare entity as compared to the membranous part. Only a few cases of dissecting septal aneurysm have been reported in literature. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the initial diagnostic modality with ECG-gated CT and MRI being non-invasive imaging modalities for comprehensive evaluation. The complications can arise from chronic ...

Pathoanatomy The primary pathoanatomy seen in dogs with Tetralogy of Fallot (ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis and overriding aorta) can all be explained by embryological developmental defects of the endocardial cushions comprising the conotruncal septum. (Patterson and others 1974) This is because the sinistroventral conus cushion and sinistroinferior truncus cushion give rise to th...

A defect in the muscular part of the interventricular septum in a 19 year old man was complicated by infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The lesion was a large right ventricular free wall vegetation which embolised to the lungs. The vegetation was displayed by cross sectional echocardiography, which also confirmed the clinical diagnosis of ventricular septal defect. This cas...

To establish the morphogenetic mechanisms underlying formation and separation of the atrioventricular connections, we studied the remodeling of the myocardium of the atrioventricular canal and the extracardiac mesenchymal tissue of the vestibular spine in human embryonic hearts from 4.5 to 10 weeks of development. Septation of the atrioventricular junction is brought about by downgrowth of the ...

Serial sections of the conduction system (CS) were performed in two patients with recurrent tachyarrhythmias. Case 1, a 34-year-old female who had dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways with recurrent paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, committed suicide. Autopsy revealed an abnormally formed atrial septum with insertion of eustachian valve on the AV part of the pars membranacea. The in...