Under the National Banking System, 1863–1914, national banks that deposited sufficient collateral could issue notes provided they paid a tax on notes in circulation: 1% per year before 1900 and 12% thereafter. Because note issue was far below the allowed maximum, an arbitrage argument predicts that short-term nominal interest rates should have been bounded above by the tax rate. They were not. ...

Let P = n11 ⊕ · · · ⊕ nt1 be the poset given by the ordinal sum of the antichains ni1 with ni elements. We derive MacWilliams-type identities for the fragment and sphere enumerators, relating enumerators for the dual C of the linear code C on P and those for C on the dual poset P̌. The linear changes of variables appearing in the identities are explicit. So we obtain, for example, the P-weight d...

InAs/GaAs heterostructures have been simultaneously grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (100), GaAs (100) with a 2 misorientation angle towards [01-1], and GaAs (n11)B (n = 9, 7, 5) substrates. While the substrate misorientation angle increased from 0 to 15.8 , a clear evolution from quantum dots to quantum well was evident by the surface morphology, the photoluminescence, and the time-reso...

Flagellar class 3 operons of Escherichia coli and Salmonella are transcribed by RNA polymerase containing sigma 28. The consensus sequence of the sigma 28-dependent promoters was believed to be TAAA N15 GCCGATAA. In this study, we found that the E. coli genome contains a large number of sequences homologous to this consensus. However, we showed that they do not always exert a sigma 28-dependent...

A number of recent studies examining historical experiences with deflation have called into question the widely-held view that maintains deflation is economically harmful. These studies contend that a broad, historical perspective reveals a more nuanced view of deflation, one that requires taking seriously both malign and benign deflation. This paper builds on these findings by taking an in-dep...

The need for antineoplastic compounds with novel mechanisms of action is great. One such agent is the recently synthesized polyamine analogue N1-ethyl-N11-((cyclopropyl)methyl)-4,8-diazaundecane (CPENSpm). Exposure of hormone-dependent and -independent human breast cancer cells to 0.1-10 microM CPENSpm led to both growth inhibition and induction of programmed cell death. Fragmentation of DNA to...

Introduction: Constipation is one of the most common pediatric disorders.In many cases, there is no anatomic endocrineor metabolic cause in explanation of chronic constipation.More than 85% of them called functional or idiopathic.Constipation is one of the serious disease in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Besides the problem it causes, chronic constipation can be the origin of many disease. That...

In the study, effectiveness of electronic commerce sites and how they are perceived by participants investigated using Electroencephalography EEG Analysis Method as one neuromarketing techniques. The research is completed within Fırat University Marketing Neuromarketing Research Center, with 30 volunteers having different demographic characteristics such age, gender, educational background, occ...