Few contest that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is an unusually influential international court.1 The Court can declare illegal European Union (EU) laws and national laws that violate the Treaty of Rome in areas traditionally considered to be purely the prerogative of national governments, including social policy, gender equality, industrial relations, and competition policy, and its decis...

public order, as a principle in the framework of national laws, is a tool for protecting private and public interests in a society. observance of the norms and public order in any jurisdiction is important as far as the the influence of this chariness on contracts in the field of private international laws is undeniable. with the formation of new rights such as intellectual property rights in t...