It is estimated that 2% to 3% of pregnant women carry the anti-SSA/Ro antibody, which can be found in various autoimmune disorders, including Sjögren syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and mixed connective tissue disorder.1,2 In addition, many women are asymptomatic carriers, with less than one third of antiSSA/Ro–positive women diagnosed with a rheumatological d...

It is estimated that 2% to 3% of pregnant women carry the anti-SSA/Ro antibody, which can be found in various autoimmune disorders, including Sjögren syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and mixed connective tissue disorder.1,2 In addition, many women are asymptomatic carriers, with less than one third of antiSSA/Ro–positive women diagnosed with a rheumatological d...

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a predilection for women in their reproductive years. The influence of sex hormones on immunity is only beginning to be unravelled, is fascinating and may explain some of the contradictory reports of the effects of pregnancy on SLE and vice versa [1]. Clinical renal involvement occurs in up to 60–80% of lupus patients at some time...

Neonatal lupus erythematosus is an uncommon passive autoimmune disease in which there is transplacental passage of anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB or anti-U1RNP maternal autoantibodies. Its common clinical manifestations include cardiac disease, notably congenital heart block, cutaneous lupus lesions, and hematologic problems. During the past decade, it has become clear that hepatobiliary diseas...

Macrophage Activating Syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening disease seen in autoimmune diseases including lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease, polyarteritis nodosa. It is characterized by fever, pancytopenia, liver failure, coagulopathy, and neurologic symptoms and high serum ferritin. A 27 yr. old female patient was admitted in shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital (Tehran-Ira...