The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic dimensions. It is associated with multiple comorbidities and becoming a clinical public health threat. Obesity multifactorial disease complex pathophysiology interplay various systems. A strong exists between the neuro-endocrine system, immune system systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, microbiome dysbiosis that can lead to development obesity,...

Five somatostatin receptor (sst) subtype genes, sst(1), sst(2), sst(3), sst(4) and sst(5), have been cloned and characterised. The five sst subtypes all bind natural somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 with high affinity. Endocrine pancreatic and endocrine digestive tract tumours also express multiple sst subtypes, but sst(2) predominance is generally found. However, there is considerable varia...

Carcinoid tumours are uncommon neoplasms with a reported incidence of 1.5 per 100 000 population. Although they can develop in any organ derived from primitive endoderm, they occur most frequently in the appendix. Primary carcinoid tumours can be classified according to their site of origin. Although this classification into fore-gut, mid-gut or hind-gut tumours is of no prognostic significance...

The syndrome of multiple endocrine adenomas in which pituitary, parathyroid, pancreatic islets, and adrenals may be involved has received much attention recently, mainly because of its intricate relationship to the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which associates non-beta pancreatic islet tumours with recurrent peptic ulceration. One of the interesting facets of pluriglandular adenomatosis is its a...