Cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in the brain is associated with pro-inflammatory activities, which are instrumental in neurodegenerative processes such as Parkinson's disease (PD). It is discussed that drugs with the capacity to rescue dopaminergic neurons from microglia toxicity and neuroinflammatory processes may result in an amelioration of parkinsonian symptoms by delaying the onset or slow...

The deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) by p25 has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis in a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, p25/Cdk5 has been shown to produce hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles as well as aberrant amyloid precursor protein p...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons and decrease in dopamine levels accompanied by a concomitant neuroinflammatory response in the affected brain regions. Over the past decades, the use of toxin-based animal models has been crucial to elucidate disease pathoph...

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue. It be initiated in response to infection, toxic metabolites, auto immunity, traumatic brain injury and variety of causes. Exercise is a promising mechanism of prevention and treatment for disease characterized by neuroinflammation. The benefits of exercise and physical activity (PA) are well known and have effects on function of the centr...

Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a normally beneficial acute inflammatory response, chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and ultimately its destruction, and often results from an inappropriate immune response. Inflammation in the nervous syst...

Neuroinflammation represents a common trait in the pathology and progression of major psychiatric neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropsychiatric disorders have emerged as global crisis, affecting 1 4 people, while neurological are second leading cause death elderly population worldwide ( WHO, 2001 ; GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, 2019 ). However, there remains an immense deficit availability ...