Normal controls and schizophrenic patients on propranolol as sole drug or combined with neuroleptics showed superior active and passive avoidance learning to schizophrenic patients who were medicated with conventional neuroleptics only. Active avoidance involved responding quickly, passive avoidance withholding a response to avoid an unpleasant noise and reacting to the appropriate stimulus. Th...

Antischizophrenic neuroleptic drugs of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class, which includes pimozide, fluspirilene, penfluridol, and clopimozide, inhibit [3H]nitrendipine binding with IC50 values of 13-30 nM. This inhibition involves receptors for the verapamil/prenylamine class of calcium channel antagonists. These diphenylbutylpiperidines also inhibit potassium-induced calcium-dependent contract...

It is commonly believed that reversal of schizophrenia is accomplished primarily through neuroleptic drug treatment, but this belief can only be maintained by ignoring a great deal of material published in the scientific literature. Randomized studies comparing psvchosocial treatment programs without neuroleptics to drug-based programs were sought out for review, and six were found. Long-term o...

The primary metabolic pathways of caffeine are 3-N-demethylation to paraxanthine (CYP1A2), 1-N-demethylation to theobromine and 7-N-demethylation to theophylline (CYP1A2 and other enzymes), and 8-hydroxylation to 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (CYP3A). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of phenothiazine neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, perazine) ...