Integration of multiple surveillance systems advances early warning and supports better decision making during infectious disease events. Taiwan has a comprehensive network of laboratory, epidemiologic, and early warning surveillance systems with nationwide representation. Hospitals and clinical laboratories have deployed automatic reporting mechanisms since 2014 and have effectively improved t...

Trans-host effects can alter the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasite and host populations. Here, we examine whether resource limitation within a parasite's natal host affects propagule size and influences parasite fitness in a new host. To alter resource competition, we infected caterpillars with 3 doses of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and harvested transmission-stage juven...

Influenza is a well known infection of the respiratory system. The main clinical manifestations of influenza include fever, sore throat, headache, cough, coryza, and malaise. Apart from the well known classical influenza, there are also groups of influenza virus infections that are called "atypical infection". These infections are usually due to a novel influenza virus infection. In early 2009,...

Background Classically, the diarrheal diseases were a top diagnosis in Romanian infectious diseases hospitals during summer. The increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) after 2011 might change this seasonality of diarrheal diseases, as warm season illnesses. Aim: to estimate the burden of different diarrheal diseases in an Infectious Diseases department and to evaluate if ...

Nearly two thirds of human diseases can be transmitted to animals. As veterinarians, however, we tend to use the term zoonosis when infections are transmitted from animals to humans. An estimated 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, mainly of viral origin, and likely to be vector-borne. Among the major causes of these emerging diseases are alterations in human behavior and modifica...

though muslims have been living in nepal from the 15th century, they have started practicingtheir religious activities freely only after enactment of new civil code in 1963. this paper aims to explore the potentials and problems on the existing mosques, perception of the religious structures by muslim community and analysing of existing legal and institutional framework before drawing a conclus...

BACKGROUND In northern Europe, bluetongue (BT) caused by the BT virus (BTV), serotype 8, was first notified in August 2006 and numerous ruminant herds were affected in 2007 and 2008. However, the origin and the time and place of the original introduction have not yet been determined. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Four retrospective epidemiological surveys have been performed to enable determ...

Background and aims: The frequency of chronic hepatitis B virus infection varies totally in different part of the world but it could be categorized as high, intermediate and low endimicity. In this regard, development of safe and effective vaccines against infectious diseases especially hepatitis B virus that are still required for emerging new pathogens, re-emerging old pathog...