Abstract As the Thirty Years’ War was greatest demographic crisis in Europe between Black Death and two World Wars, it is unsurprising that conflict created number of refugees continent’s history prior to twentieth century. However, limited scholarship on displaced persons 1618 1648 has been exclusively based micro-level eyewitness accounts, diaries, memoirs. This article broadens scope studies...

Different paper grades have been used to evaluate the optical formation measurements for newsprint and SC paper. Formation of the SC papers has been measured both before and after supercalendering to see how it affects the optical measurements. The optical measurements have been compared to β-radiation measurements and the results showed that optical measurements give a fair estimation of the f...

The function(s) of soluble silicates in repulpinghashing and flotation deinking of waste newsprint/magazine were investigated extensively, under optimized conditions. During repulping/washing, silicate ’s response was characteristic of a buffer and a detergent. It was responsible for a 3.0% increase in I S 0 brightness. In repulping/flotation, silicate accounted for a 6.1% increase in I S 0 bri...

In the newspaper printing industry, offset is the dominating printing method and the use of multicolour printing has increased rapidly in newspapers during the last decade. The offset printing process relies on the assumption that an uniform film of ink of right thickness is transferred onto the printing areas. The quality of reproduction of colour images in offset printing is dependent on a nu...