OBJECTIVES This study was designed to identify the services provided by community pharmacists in Kuwait and their views regarding self-care in pregnancy and lactation. In addition, it determined the pharmacists' recommendations for treatment of pregnancy-related and breast feeding-related ailments. DESIGN Cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey. SETTING Community pharmacies in Kuwait. ...

American population, but there is limited literature on creation of the male nipple-areolar complex (NAC) from the female NAC. Studies have been performed to assess the dimensions and positioning of the ideal male nipple, 1,2 but there are limited techniques to developing that ideal from a female NAC, which tend to have a larger areola, a more prominent nipple, and a different anatomic location...

1 present their method for creating the new nipple/areola recipient site in vertical mammaplasty. Any design of a new nipple/areola recipient site must be based on clear objectives. Fortunately , most of these objectives are widely accepted and are not subject to opinion. Ideally, the nipple sits at the apex of the breast, and the areola margin is circular. 2 How well does the authors' techniqu...

The demand for nipple reconstruction has been increasing with the proliferation of breast reconstruction. After reconstructing a nipple, it is crucial to apply a splint because one of the limitations of nipple reconstruction is loss of nipple projection over time [1]. Long-term projection of the reconstructed nipple is influenced by two factors: 1) contraction of the flap, which begins once the...

BACKGROUND Patients with moderate to severe ptosis are often considered poor candidates for nipple-sparing mastectomy. This results from the perceived risk of nipple necrosis and/or the inability of the reconstructive surgeon to reliably and effectively reposition the nipple-areola complex on the breast mound after mastectomy. METHODS A retrospective review identified patients with grade II/I...

BACKGROUND Nipple-areolar reconstruction is the final step in breast reconstruction. Reconstruction using local flaps and tattooing is useful in cases of bilateral reconstruction, a small nipple-areolar complex (NAC) as the donor site, and avoiding disturbance of the normal side and other body parts. However, this method can cause projection loss and color fading of the nipple. Moreover, the br...

The nipple-sharing technique for nipple reconstruction offers excellent tissue matching. The method used for nipple graft harvesting determines the quality of the graft and hence, the success of nipple sharing. Here, we described a guillotine technique wherein the nipple is first transfixed with 2 straight needles to stabilise it. Two No. 11 blades are then inserted in the center and simultaneo...

BACKGROUND Nipple reconstruction is the last stage in cosmetic reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy, but no method produces reliable and consistent aesthetic results. This study examined the use of the Biodesign Nipple Reconstruction Cylinder (NRC) during reconstruction of the nipple after mastectomy. METHODS Patients with a history of breast cancer and mastectomy desiring nipple rec...

BACKGROUND Numerous procedures are available for nipple reconstruction without a single gold standard. This study presents a method for reducing donor-site morbidity in nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. METHODS Thirty-five patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graf...