BACKGROUND Numerous procedures are available for nipple reconstruction without a single gold standard. This study presents a method for reducing donor-site morbidity in nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graft after transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap breast reconstruction. METHODS Thirty-five patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using a composite nipple graf...

Background The anatomy of the nipple has become clinically relevant. Diagnostic techniques access the breast through nipple ducts and surgeons offer nipplesparing mastectomy. There is variation in the number of ducts reported and little is known about the spatial location of ducts, their size, and their relationship to orifices on the surface. Methods Nipple specimens were taken from 129 consec...

BACKGROUND Infants of breastfeeding mothers with persistent nipple pain have been shown to apply stronger vacuums to the breast and transfer less milk during one monitored feed. This may be associated with differences in the movement of the tongue. The aim was to analyse the intra-oral nipple shape and movement of the tongue of infants of mothers with and without nipple pain. METHODS Breastfe...

OBJECTIVE To investigate Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus and the development of 'nipple and breast thrush' among breastfeeding women. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING Two hospitals in Melbourne, Australia (one public, one private) with follow-up in the community. PARTICIPANTS 360 nulliparous women recruited at ≥36 weeks' gestation from November 2009 to June ...

Objective: Painful nipple fissure is a troublesome problem for breastfeeding mothers. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of saqez (Pistacia atlantica) ointment on the improvement of nipple fissure in breastfeeding women during one-month follow-up. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 eligible women who visited the selected health cen...

INTRODUCTION Since its inception, reduction mammaplasty has matured considerably. Primary evolution in clinical research and practice has focused on preserving tissue viability. Surgery involves preserving not only tissue viability but also function and sensation. The nipple serves as the sensate unit of the breast and is a valuable part of women's psychological and sexual health, making preser...

BACKGROUND The role of nipple discharge cytology (NDc) in the surgical management of breast cancer patients is unclear. We aimed: (i) to evaluate the effect of malignant NDc on the surgical approach to the nipple-areola complex, and (ii) to verify the association between malignant NDc and nipple malignancy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a case series of 139 patients with NDc who underwe...

You certainly don't want to cause more harm than good. Without an in-person evaluation, the exact reason behind your soreness cannot be determined. As your soreness cannot be safely assessed via the internet, specific recommendations cannot be made as to whether stretching would be appropriate under your current conditions. It's safe to say some soreness may be due to the new way you are using ...

INTRODUCTION A nipple shield is a breastfeeding aid with a nipple-shaped shield that is positioned over the nipple and areola prior to nursing. Nipple shields are usually recommended to mothers with flat nipples or in cases in which there is a failure of the baby to effectively latch onto the breast within the first 2 days postpartum. The use of nipple shields is a controversial topic in the fi...

As nipple-sparing mastectomy gains increasing popularity, minimizing the risk of nipple necrosis continues to be of critical importance to patients and surgeons. Patients with large or ptotic breasts, scars from previous cosmetic and/or oncologic breast surgery, or previous irradiation have often been denied nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) because of increased risk of nipple necrosis. A variety...