BACKGROUND Occurrences of flat or inverted nipples are not uncommon problems, and although they should not preclude breastfeeding, they often seriously hamper initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. Various therapies including nipple exercise, breast shells, inverted syringes, or surgical corrections have been reported with varying success rates. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A new method has be...

BACKGROUND Numerous techniques have been used to achieve long-term projection of the nipple following nipple-areola reconstruction. However, the reconstructed nipple loses projection over time. We describe a technique that uses local flaps to improve the lost projection of reconstructed nipples. METHODS Between November 2013 and March 2015, nine patients (11 nipples) underwent revisional nipp...

Genetic parameters for degree of kyphosis were estimated from a Duroc-Landrace F(2) population (n = 316) and from a composite population (line C) composed of Duroc, Large White, and 2 sources of Landrace (n = 1,552). Live presentation did not indicate kyphosis in pigs or sows. Degree of kyphosis was measured by scoring the shape of the vertebral column of split carcasses on a scale from 0 (norm...

BACKGROUND Although various techniques of nipple reduction have been described in the literature, many are difficult to design or have unreliable outcomes. For men, as well as women who do not plan to breastfeed, it is not necessary to apply a complicated technique that protects the lactiferous ducts. OBJECTIVES The authors introduce a simple technique for nipple reduction that has achieved c...

We examined in rat pups the relation between the decline of suckling and the emergence of independent ingestion, and the role of milk delivery conditional on nipple attachment in the maintenance of suckling. Fifteen-day-old litters were reared for either 5 or 10 days, and 20-day-old litters for 5 days by either a thelectomized (no nipples), ligated (nipples but no milk), or intact (nipples and ...

The energetics of a fusion pathway is considered, starting from the contact site where two apposed membranes each locally protrude (as "nipples") toward each other. The equilibrium distance between the tips of the two nipples is determined by a balance of physical forces: repulsion caused by hydration and attraction generated by fusion proteins. The energy to create the initial stalk, caused by...

Nipple necrosis is a usual complication after breast plastic surgery, however a spontaneous necrosis of the nipple is exceptional and especially without any apparent etiology. We searched in all accessible databases without finding a similar case in the literature. It's a about a 14 years old girl, refugee in Zaatari camp in Jordan. In her medical history, we found a purulent pleurisy of atypic...