Epilepsy is a non-communicable brain disorder characterized by an individual's proclivity for spontaneous epileptic seizures. may be classified into six types: genetic, structural, metabolic, infectious, immune-related, and unexplained causes. Numerous current findings have shown evidence that imbalance in the gut microbiota cause of epilepsy. Between systems, there are five putative communicat...

Atherosclerosis and ensuing cardiovascular disease (CVD) are major complications of diabetes type 2. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory condition involving immunocompetent cells of different types present in the lesions. Even though inflammation and immune activation may be more pronounced in atherosclerosis in diabetes type 2, there does not appear to be any major differences between di...

INTRODUCTION Allograft failure due to immunological or non-immunological causes or a combination and patient death after transplantation are the 2 major causes of renal transplant loss. This paper reviews the various causes of allograft failure and explores strategies for its prevention. RESULTS Immune mechanisms of renal allograft failure are those mediated by acute and chronic rejection and...