This study was performed to evaluate the changes of tear film and ocular surface caused by smoking. Symptom scoring, tear film break-up time (BUT), basal tear secretion test, corneal sensitivity test, keratoepitheliopathy scoring, and conjunctival impression cytology were performed in 29 smokers (58 eyes) and 26 non-smokers (52 eyes). Tear film BUT, basal tear secretion, corneal sensitivity, an...

he lachrymal film is the first element of the ocular optic ystem and fulfills important functions comprising mechanial and antimicrobial protection, ocular surface nutrition and eflective functions, among others. The formation and stabilty of the lachrymal film both in healthy and diseased eyes epend on the composition and physical properties of the tear. ne of the difficulties exhibited by ocu...

Pterygium is a very common disease in an eye clinic characterized by a benign proliferation of local conjunctiva that often crosses the limber of cornea and extends into corneal surface. Variety of studies has showed that pterygium is able to result in ocular discomfort and the change of ocular surface environment, such as dry eye. However, the link between abnormal tear film function and ptery...

The lacrimal functional unit (LFU) is defined as an integrated system comprising the lacrimal glands, ocular surface (cornea, conjunctiva and meibomian glands) and lids, and the sensory and motor nerves that connect them. The majority of dry eye symptoms are due to a chronic inflammation of the lacrimal functional unit resulting in a loss of tear film integrity and normal function. This leads t...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperosmolarity is a central mechanism causing ocular surface inflammation and eye irritation in typical patients suffering from tear dysfunction. Tear composition in dry eyes, or dysfunctional tear syndrome, may destabilize the tear film and cause ocular surface epithelial disease. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, plays a critical role...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% on ocular surface staining and visual performance in patients with dry eye. METHODS This was a single-center, 6-month, open-label, Phase IV study. Patients with bilateral dry eye disease and a symptom score of ≥2 on the Ocular Discomfort and 4-Symptom Questionnaire, an Ocular Surface Disease ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine ocular surface and tear film, contact lens, care solution, medical, and patient-related factors that are associated with corneal staining in contact lens wearers. METHODS In this cross-sectional/nested case-control study, in addition to the assessment of corneal staining with fluorescein, a variety of tear film and ocular surface, contact lens,...

Diclofenac sodium as ophthalmic dosage form is used for the treatment of the pain, swelling and redness of patients' eyes recovering from cataract surgery; however, it faces the bioavailability limitation of eye drops due to effective protective mechanisms and corneal barrier functions in the eyes. Therefore, this investigation was aimed to develop ocular film formulations to achieve controlled...

This article discusses the use of contact lenses in patients suffering from dry eye and ocular allergy. The diagnosis of dry eye is outlined along with the relationship between contact lenses, the tear film, and the ocular surface. A practical approach to the recognition and management of the dry eye patient wishing to wear contact lenses is presented. In addition, a consideration of a careful ...