The first reported incident of ambush marketing happened in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics when Fuji was the official sponsor for the Games. Kodak, who were not an official sponsor and had not paid any fees to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), still managed to benefit from the worldwide publicity of the event by sponsoring the UK track and field team. Since then, sporting organisations ...

* * In 1976, the Medical Commission ofthe International Olympic Committee formally condemned the practice of blood transfusion for athletes in good health. As ofthis writing, however, blood doping has not been explicitly forbidden. The Author discusses important and controversial questions such as: does blood transfusion afford world-class athletes a substantial competitive advantage? Is this p...

Abstract This article explores scholarship regarding diplomatic processes and actors engaged in recent international sport events hosted by the United Kingdom Japan. The points to range of involved, focusing on organizing committees, assesses effectiveness sports diplomacy at a levels that go beyond focus state. It uses documentation, global media archives, public private comments related addre...

1. Recent, well-controlled studies have established that moderate doses of caffeine ingested 1 h prior to exercise enhance the performance of certain types of endurance exercise in the laboratory. Moderate caffeine doses produce urinary caffeine levels well below the allowable limit, as determined by the International Olympic Committee. The results are specific to well-trained elite or recreati...

In April 2014, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published a Consensus Statement in this journal entitled “Beyond the Female Athlete Triad: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)”. In reference to that Consensus Statement, Professor Mary Jane De Souza and colleagues published an editorial ( July 2014). The editorial below expands on the original Consensus Statement and comments on ...

T most of its history, the IOC insisted that sport was apart from the world of politics, and that the Olympic Games should not be used by sovereign states to further their political goals. Avery Brundage reflected this position best when instructing Lord Killanin just before Killanin left for South Africa in September 1967 to head up the IOC’s fact-finding committee on sport and apartheid. Brun...

the aim of this study was to fit regression equation of knowledge management and organizational effectiveness in iran sport organizations to determine the effect of knowledge management processes on organizational effectiveness. the statistical population consisted of all staff managers of the ministry of sport and youth, executive board of national olympic committee, staff managers of the nati...

the aim of this research was to recognize the experiences of managers, experts and athletes about the reasons for the failure of iran in 2008 beijing olympics in the area of human and financial resources. the method of research was qualitative and was performed in a semi–organized style. research statistical population contained three categories of athletes participating in beijing olympics (n=...