Novel drug delivery systems for controlled-release of opioid agonists as a long time painkillers or opioid antagonists for opium, heroin, and alcohol addiction are under development or in clinical use today. In this article, the field of “new drug delivery systems” is momentarily reviewed from the viewpoint of the marketed opioid agonists/antagonists dosage forms today.

Addiction to opioid analgesics is an important and yet underinvestigated clinical issue, which has substantial implications in opioid therapy for chronic pain management. Problematic opioid use, including compulsive opioid seeking and addiction, arises in some fraction of opioid-treated chronic pain patients. The connection between chronic pain and opioid addiction is a complex interplay betwee...

Morphine is the most widely used compound among narcotic analgesics and remains the gold standard when the effects of other analgetic drugs are compared. The most characteristic effect of morphine is the modulation of pain perception resulting in an increase in the threshold of noxious stimuli. Antinociception induced by morphine is mediated via opioid receptors, namely the μ-type opioid recept...

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the antinociceptive activity potential of Tofisopam and elucidate possible involvement opioid system in effect.Material Method: The efficacy (25 50 mg/kg) evaluated by hot-plate acetic acid-induced writhing tests; while effects drug on motor coordination mice were with Rota-rod tests.Result Discussion: at a dose mg/kg significantly prolonged...

STUDY OBJECTIVE Acute pain complaints are commonly treated in the emergency department (ED). Short courses of opioids are presumed to be safe for acute pain; however, the risk of recurrent opioid use after receipt of an ED opioid prescription is unknown. We describe the risk of recurrent opioid use in patients receiving an opioid prescription from the ED for an acute painful condition. METHOD...

Opioid receptors have been shown to dimerize or oligomerize among themselves and each other, affecting their functional properties. This study used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between the mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors to study opioid receptor aggregation in transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Titration of receptor levels indicated that all three opioid rec...

Recently it has been revealed that some agents that are not able to interact with opioid receptors play an important role in regulating the pharmacological actions of opioids. Especially, some of them show biphasic modulation on opioid functions, which enhance opioid analgesia, but inhibit tolerance to and substance dependence on opioids. We would like to call these agents which do not interact...

INTRODUCTION In the late 1990s multiple physicians and advocacy organizations promoted increased use of opioids for the treatment of acute, chronic and cancer pain. There has been an exponential growth in opioid prescribing in the last 20 years in the United States of America, in Australia, and in other developed Western countries. There are negative consequences associated with the liberal use...

Opioid agonists and antagonists can regulate the density of mu-opioid receptors in whole animal and in cell culture. High intrinsic efficacy agonists (e.g., etorphine), but not lower intrinsic efficacy agonists (e.g., morphine), produce mu-opioid receptor down-regulation and can alter the abundance of mu-opioid receptor mRNA. Conversely, opioid antagonists substantially increase the density of ...

Abstract Background: Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to sever pain. It has more advantage and less opioid adverse effects than conventional opioid analgesia. Case Report: This article reports a patient with tramadol dependency that had psychosis after tramadol withdrawal. Conclusion: By the increase of tramadol usage for relief of chronic pain, t...