OBJECTIVE To estimate the energy requirements of infants from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during growth. DESIGN Energy requirements during infancy were estimated from total energy expenditure measured by the doubly labelled water method and energy deposition based on measured protein and fat gains. SETTING Database on the total energy expenditure and energy deposition of ...

Descriptions of cerebral energy requirements found in the literature may confuse many readers. On one hand, Hawkins (1) states that, “Although nervous tissue does not participate in processes that require large amounts of energy, such as mechanical work, osmotic work, or extensive biosynthesis, it has almost as high a rate of oxidative metabolism as some tissues that do.” On the other, Clarke a...

OBJECTIVE To summarise the literature on energy requirements and aging. DESIGN An analysis and review of published data on components of energy expenditure and total energy expenditure (TEE). SETTING Data on basal metabolic rate (BMR) and TEE were obtained from the US Institute of Medicine of the National Academies database (all available data from studies published before 2001, collected f...

During the last two decades a slow but steady change of external factors has set-up new conditions affecting the way in how software producing firms create and leverage innovations. Firms now need to look outside of their boundaries and start interacting with the open environment that encompasses them in order to stay innovative and keep a competitive advantage. To facilitate this shift Require...

Energy consumption in Iran is a subject of debate. Some may think that oil is cheap in Iran and thus no need for this kind of research. This simple minding is erroneous first because Iran subsidizes billion dollars each year for the imported diesel fuel specially for agricultural use and second because energy studies reveal the degree of professionally using the technology. We can easily find t...

OBJECTIVES To describe issues related to energy requirements of free living adults and discuss the importance of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and their relationships to total energy expenditure (TEE ) and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex. DESIGN Based on a review of the literature, this paper examines the variab...

data envelopment analysis (dea) technique was used to analyze the efficiency of farmers, discriminate efficient farms from inefficient ones and to identify wasteful uses of energy for orange producers in khouzestan region. data were collected from 125 watermelon producer by using a face-to-face questionnaire. results revealed that total energy consumption in plasticulture and open-field waterme...

In this paper, emphasis is put on a case study that deals with a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements. This idea is integrated in the concept called “Energy Hub,” which is a conceptual cluster of local energy converters and storages. It’s supplied by multiple energy carriers coming from an existing grid or from loca...